Guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work-related unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage of Rs.100 per day. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) is an Indian job guarantee scheme, enacted by legislation on August 25, 2005. The scheme provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work-related unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage of 100 (US$2.17) per day. The Central government outlay for scheme is 40,000 crore (US$8.68 billion) in FY 2010-11. The scheme commenced on February 2, 2006 in 200 districts, was expanded to cover another 130 districts in 2007-2008 and eventually covered all 593 districts in India by April 1, 2008. The outlay was Rs. 110 billion in 2006-2007, and rose steeply to Rs. 391 billion (140% increase in amount with respect to previous 2008-2009 budget) in 2009-2010. Many criticisms have been leveled at the programme, which has been argued to be no more effective than other poverty reduction programmes in India, with key exceptions such as Rajasthan. The first criticism is financial. The MGNREGA is one of the largest initiatives of its kind in the world. The national budget for the financial year 2006-2007 was Rs 113 billion (about US$2.5bn and almost 0.3% of GDP) and now fully operational, it costs Rs. 391 billion in financial year 2009-2010.

We have been speaking of treating the offender and reintegrating him in to society. These are concepts associated with rehabilitation the very ideal of rehabilitation has been criticized and designated to be a failure. A sociologist Robert Martinson analyzed 231 programs that involved evaluation of treatment methods that used a control group and that employed an in dependent measure of the improvement secured by the treatment. There are implications for treatment in each of these outlooks. The sociologists would change the outer environment to effect a change in behavior. The psychologically inclined would treat the individual as a psychiatric patient. However, in reality neither of these views is held in its pure, unadulterated form. A suggested synthesis of elements in each view is contained in the situational – motivational. Cultural exploration of any criminal act in this approach, the social, economic and other sociological forces that play on an offender are studied, together with his inner drives and the relationships of the offender to his victim. By evaluating and taking in to account all these inner, outer and relational factors, one obtains a more rounded fuller and perhaps realistic view of each offender. Prisons in India are governed by the Indian prison Act and also the rules and regulations for administration of management of prisons as specified in the prison manuals of each state. The emphasis is not only on sage custody, but on reformation and rehabilitation of offenders in society as it is the final repository for society's failure, of those persons, who are labeled as losers and temporarily or permanently irredeemable. (Ahuja Ram – 2000)

Teacher is an effective and dominating factor among the ones contributing to educational improvement. If the information and communication technology (ICT) has to be successfully implemented and effectively transacted, then the teacher educators themselves should possess the knowledge of proper awareness towards teaching the subject of ICT in the teacher-training programme. In this regard NCERT has come out recently with a school curriculum framework where in it has been emphasized to integrated ICT in school education. It is not possible without the teacher being competed in techno-pedagogic dimensions of ICT. According to the regulations of University Grant Commission (UGC), the appointment of teachers and other staffs which was ordered on 28th June, 2010 are mentioned in clause No.4.4.7, as “Provided that at least one lecture should have specialization in information and communication technology and another is in special education”. The quality of teaching depends on the awareness of educational technology. The present study aims to investigate the Socio- Economic Status and Awareness of ICT among Teacher Trainees in Nagaland . The objectives of the study were to compare the mean scores of Awareness and Socio- Economic Status ICT among Teacher Trainees of Nagaland when they are classified into gender, locality, type of management and Subject discipline. The sample of the study constitutes the selected Teacher Trainees of government and private colleges of Nagaland. A sample of 150 Teacher Trainees was selected using random sampling technique. The Awareness of ICT tool was developed by the investigator using the scientific procedure of tool construction. The tool consists of 65 objective type questions related to awareness of ICT. The respondent has to give the answer by marking either A, B, C, or D. The score varies in between 0-65 marks. The questionnaire in its initial stage of development was subjected to rationale logical analysis by some selected experts in tool construction after which, it was duly modified. The scale was tried out on a sample of 50 students and necessary item analysis for item selection employed. This scale was further treated for test-retest reliability and the reliability coefficient was found to be highly satisfactory. (r=0.75). All this procedure confirmed a high validity and reliability of the tool for collecting data for the purposes of present investigation. There is a significant difference in Awareness of ICT and Socio-Economic Status of Teacher Trainees of Nagaland

The special pattern of sex composition of India are very peculiar the proportion of females is very low in the north- western regions of the country. The sex ratio's show a consistently increasing trend towards southern and eastern region of the country. Madhya pradesh comprises illustrative typical patterns of gender inequalities . In its northern districts the ratio ranges is the vicinity of 822 females per thousand males. The ratio exhibit increasing Patterns towards the areas of Chhattisgarh and other adjoining districts in the Southern parts of the state, Where share of female in the population is more than 1000.

OPDis the backbone of any health care center or hospital. It is the department of hospital who has to be hospitable and should provide best services to the patients. In the same way, Fortis Healthcare has its OPD named as PWD (Patient's Welfare Department)which provides services in the best possible way. This research paper tries to find out the issues related to OPD and hence provides recommendation for the same.

In contradistinction to other revolutions of the world, the American Revolution is discerned by a dominant presence of ideas and by the expression of a filial love for the adversary. An atmosphere replete with the reception and dissemination of ideas inevitably impelled the colonists to deal with their problems in ways other than violent, more so when their adversaries happened to belong to their own race; they were their own kinsmen with whom they not only associated themselves but also about whom they felt proud of. Even a person like Benjamin Franklin, as Wood has argued in The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin, expressed his loyalty to the Crown until very long and ardently aspired to play a significant part in the British Empire's power structure. The racial kinship and ancestry of the American colonists with the people of England gave birth to the expression of a filial love for the Imperial kingdom of Great Britain, in their struggle during the Revolution, which was pathetic, almost convulsive in its nature. And hence, while a revolution is usually marked by a feeling of belligerence toward the adversary and witnesses large scale violence and genocide, the dominant presence of these two elements, idea and filial love, made the American Revolution almost a pacifistic movement until the very last phase, and made it both an intellectual and an emotional epic story.

VIGYAPAN VO JADUI....

The Indian policy as multiple (Central, State and Local Bodies), judiciary as an integrated one The Supreme Court and the High Court being the “Courts of Record' are the Custodians of the constitution and have an awesome responsibility to protect the environment. Article 129 and 215 recognize the existence of such power in Supreme Court and High Courts as they exercise inter alia the Sovereign judicial power, Article 32 and 226 enable “Writ Jurisdiction”. There are two principles that govern The Indian judiciary in matters of interpreting the international Environmental Law to respect for international laws and to construct Laws to implement treaty obligations further, though not empowered to make legislation, the Court is free to interpret Indian obligations under International Laws of the Country.

The moral crisis being faced by every nation at present arises out of unwise, materialistic and undisciplined application of human faculties. Education along with the family and the society could prepare every generation to make the correct and appropriate choice. It is well understood that education of parents and greater participation of parents in higher education is the road that every nation must tread at primary stage of children for inculcation of values and morals. Hence the study is conducted with the objective: To study the impact of the education of parents on moral values of their children studying at primary level. It was hypothesized that there is no significant impact of the education of parents on the moral values of their children. Survey is conducted in primary schools of Akola city regarding the moral values of the primary level students with respect to education of their parents, stratified random sampling methods are used for sample selection, a total of 200 students sample were selected for different categories of parent's education level. The data collected was analyzed with the help of statistical techniques such as mean, SD, Anova and t test. It is that education of parents has positive impact on moral values of their children at primary level. Moral values of primary level children of highly qualified parents are significantly higher than moral values of primary level children of lower level educated parents. mothers level of education has greater impact on moral values of primary level children than fathers level of education.

The New Industrial Policy of 1991 was a part of structural reforms introduced by the government of India for the promotion of industrial development. So that Indian industrial sector will perform efficiently and globally competitive. Under the atmosphere of economic reforms, broad changes were introduced. The major policy changes have been initiated for industrial development. In a major move to liberalize the economy, all industries except 18 specified industries are exempted from obtaining industrial licensing, irrespective of the level of investment. This paper aims to bring out the major changes occurred in industrial development as well as agricultural sector, including manufacturing, services, mining and electricity. Indian strategy for industrial development witnessed a paradigm shift. The industrial policy has been facilitating the development in all walks of life. The removal of industrial licensing and reforms has been initiated. The small scale industries are also promoted.

Cultivable land is a valuable asset of a village. Proper irrigation of land yields profit to cultivators and revenue to the Government. Expanding population and agriculture have made land increasingly valuable, and government moved to realsie as much of that value as possible in immediate in the past and present. Waste land considered to have abandoned by cultivators. In villages, waste land included a variety of types and uses. Some had never been farmed. It was a dry land for grazing, for fire wood, for brick clay, and for future residential sites. Some land have been deprived of irrigation by a broken tank but not suitable for dry crops. Some have been used in longfallow farming, planted once in as many as ten years. For quite a long period, composite South Arcot District remained a backward area both in agriculture and allied activities. The people of this District, though hard working in nature remained unemployed due to vast tract of uncultivable barren land. Therefore to alleviate the sufferings of the people, the subsequent governments had paid proper attention to develop agriculture and other allied activities to make the people self-sufficient. Agriculture is the largest and most important sector of the Indian economy.1 It plays a crucial role in providing food to the nation, employment to the population, raw materials to the industry and surpluses for the national economic development. Besides, growth of agriculture is responsible for the rise and fall of the nation. Various activities connected with agriculture contribute to the economy in a large scale. It is the contributor of the largest amount of goods and services in the production of the country. It provides much employment opportunity to the vast majority of the Indian masses. In villages, about 80 per cent of the people depends upon cultivation and allied agro industries. A considerable part of the labour force in towns and cities also finds jobs in marketing, export and other allied activities connected with agriculture. Agriculture meets almost the entire food needs of the people and provides a sizeable part of exports and imports. In the budget of the state government, the land revenue and land expenditure occupies an important item. The manufacturing sector and services like trade and transport depend upon agriculture to a very large extent. Besides, agricultur provides raw materials for consumer goods and industries like food processing, tea vanaspati, sugar and cotton cloth. All such industries are fed by nonfoodgrain products. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru once rightly remarked that "If agriculture in the country fails, we fail, the Government fails and the nation fails. There is no hope for us but to succeed in agriculture". South Arcot District is one of the prominent agricultural districts of Tamil Nadu. The District has advantages of agro climatic condition which is favourable to cultivate almost all the crops namely, paddy, sugarcane, groundnut, gingili, cereals, cotton and millets. In addition to the cultivation of these crops, the allied agriculture activities are also prosperous. In view of this, it is highly relevant to point out the major source of river of irrigation for agriculture in this district.

The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship of anthropometric characteristics and kinematics variables with spiking of volleyball players.The subjects were twelve male junior national volleyball players (average height 177.19 cm, weight 64.35 kg, age below19 years old). All subjects had participated in 39th Junior National Championship for boys and girls held at Shari Dungargarh, Bikaner; Rajasthan (India) from 22-12-2012 to 28-12-2012. Twelve (12) volleyball players from Uttrrakhand representing their states in under-19 national tournament were selected by purposive sampling method. In this study the spiking performance of the subject recorded by subjective judgment criterion. The performance of spike was recorded by the score in the spike which obtained by using three point scales by the three judges. Three spikes were recorded for each volleyball player and the recorded mean of the scores for trial was performance of spiker as there is no established standard test to test the spike.The anthropometrics characteristics measured by anthropometry equipments (Rosscraft Innovations Company, Canada). Two High speed video camera with tripod (Sony Model- 3CCD and Casio Exilim EX-F1) used for videography of spike. Silicon coach Pro-7, motion analyzer software powered by Silicon coach Ltd. was used for video analysis. Results reveals that the value of co-efficient of correlation of selected anthropometrics characteristics with off speed spike performance were upper arm length (0.268), fore arm length(0.343),leg length(.612*) and hand length (0.343), whereas tabulated value 10 degree of freedom at .05 level of significance is 0.553.Theselected angular kinematics variables at moment of ball contact in hitting phase spike were height of center of gravity at moment of take-off (-0.255),center of gravityat moment of ball contact(0.4247), pre-impact arm swing speed (0.386) and post impact ball velocity (0.133) whereas tabulated value for 10 degree of freedom at .05 level of significance is 0.553.

One of the most heinous ways of discrimination against women in a society is through female foeticide. Female foeticide is common in India. The socio-economic conditions, constant pressure all Indian women to bear a male child; loopholes in the laws are factors that are responsible for this situation. The status of women in our society is very low and thus everybody prefers a son. The technique of prenatal sex determination has become popular. If the fetus found is female, the woman is forced to abort the pregnancy. Girl child has been the subject of deprivation, discrimination, intimidation and unjust treatment in Society through out history. In earlier times, girls were killed after birth by rubbing poison on the mother's breast and by feeding them milk of the errukam flower or oleander berries. Today with the boon in economy and innovative technologies the plight of a girl child starts before she sees the light of this beautiful world. They are not allowed to reach to womanhood and the girl child is killed before they are born through female foeticide, which is an extreme manifestation of violence against women, Female foeticide is a horrific and illegal practice that has got to be stopped. The way to do this is by implementation of stronger laws and bringing about a change in the mind-set of our countrymen – uphill tasks, but absolutely crucial nevertheless. Sex selective abortions and increase in the number of female infanticide cases have become a significant social phenomenon in several pars of India, The girl children become target of attack even before they are born. the tests like Amniocentesis and Ultra-sonography which were originally designed for detection of congenital abnormalities of the foetus, are being misused for knowing the sex of the foetus with the intention of aborting it if it happens to be that of a female. The worst situation is when these abortions are carried out well beyond the safe period of 12 weeks endangering the women's life, The objective of this research paper is to understand the nature and extend of Female Feticide , its impact on society, various causes, effects, preventive measures, and legal approaches,

In Today's era crime against women is increasing . This is social moral and legal problem of our society. Not only implementation of Law solve this problem but total independency, self-confidence and economic empowerment is need of hour.

Canadian writers have produced a variety of genres. Influences on Canadian writers are broad, both geographically and historically. The present paper tries to investigate the role of urban life on the protagonist in Lunatic Villas by Marian Engel. Engel uses her novels as a medium to portray the sad conditions of women living in small town, Ontario.

BHARTIYA SANSAD.........

Rohinton Mistry has emerged as significant literary figure during the 20 th century . As a writer of the Parsi diaspora in India , he presents a wider canvas of the nation in his second novel , A Fine Balance , which interweaves the life of the subaltern , the marginalized and the poor into the narrative of the nation . In A Fine Balance , we can see the middle class and the anonymous faceless working class meet sympathy with each other and learn to overcome their prejudices and forge the bond of humanity . In an interview with Veena Gokhale , Mistry stated that this novel started with an image – a woman at a sewing machine . Dina Dalalthe fiery tempered , intelligent , fiercely independent and prematurely aged woman constitutes a small world of recreated family of the novel . W e can very well see the Dina's struggle against the social conditions of her existence . Rohinton Mistry has taken only those facts into account , which can be helpful in portraying the gloomy and glaring saga of the country during Emergency.

The term Social Worker is used very casually for any person doing any spiritual, political or welfare work for the benefit of society. The role and function of such social workers vary with their personal interest and motives. However, in social work literature we have considerable body of literature which defines the role and responsibilities of a social worker in various contexts. In India the role of a social worker is understood in lines of role of social reformers or political thinkers. The complex nature of Indian society further makes the role of social worker very challenging. The present paper is an attempt to explore the role of social workers in non-government organization. The objective of present paper is to understand the difficulties faced by social workers in delivery of their service and also to identify the areas where the role of professional social workers could be strengthened.

Present study was framed to investigation of A study of marriage attitude and adjustment among art and science faculty students by employing a sample of 140 subjects in which 70 subjects were Arts faculty were Arts faculty (35 Male and 35 Female) and 70 subjects were Science faculty (35 Male and 35 Female) with age ranging from 21 to 24 years located From Aurangabad District were selected. The Marriage Attitude Scale. This scale was developed and standardized by Pramod Kumar and An Adjustment Inventory ( for school and College pupils). This scale was developed and standardized by Dr. Penni Jain. A factorial design was used; since there were two independent variables i.e. Faculty and Gender. A 2x2 factorial design was used to analyzing the data. It was found that the Science faculty students have positive marriage attitude from the arts faculty students and Science faculty students have good adjustment than arts faculty students.

Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological mechanisms underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes and their behavioral manifestations. At the cognitive level, cognitive neuroscience addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by the neural circuit. A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system. Neurons are similar to other cells in the human body is a number of ways, but there is one key difference between neurons and other cells. Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the body. Competency means the right way of doing things. In teaching the competency means the right way of convening the units of knowledge application and skills to the students and the knowledge of contents, methods and communication. Teacher education is the research based understanding of teacher competencies like contextual, conceptual, content, transactional and evaluative management competencies. Mirror neuron system is involved in empathy. Firing of mirror neurons will be more when we observe an action which is familiar to us. Memory can be enhanced due to the stimulation of mirror neurons. The impact of mirror neurons on class room activities and other educational activities is more to enhancing the teaching competency.

Livestock wealth is very precious for a developing country like India. In India, animal husbandry is no longer a subsidiary to agriculture or a backyard vocation. Animal husbandry has metamorphosed into an industry and the latest reports suggest that the contribution of animal husbandry sector to the GDP of the nation is substantially higher despite the meager input. The main purpose of this article is to study an Indian scenario of the role of information technology through various systems. Definitely such systems are very important to identify diseases affecting cattle (and there by the livelihood of the poor), to provide appropriate dissemination methods to deliver information on these diseases to the cattle owners and to evaluate these methods. The various systems and their impact on the knowledge of cattle owners have been studied

DNA profiling and the interpretation of DNA profiles, in a forensic context, is used more and more in both the detection and prosecution of crime, as well as to satisfy private and industrial enquiries. In many studies short tandem repeat (STR) typing is the most powerful method for determining the origin of a sample for a number of molecular disciplines such as forensic crime scene analysis, medical genetics, population genetics etc. There are a different markers assembled in different Kits. A year after the introduction of Identifiler™ into the forensic DNA laboratories were observed that samples where the DNA was not degraded and sufficient DNA was present, full DNA profiles is obtained showing so much stability of DNA markers of this Kit. The aim of this study was to check the stability of those markers. Samples included in the study are blood, saliva and semen samples in different conditions. There are 16 loci (DNA markers) analyzed with Identifiler Kit. In generally the complete DNA profile was obtained from all samples. In our study flanking regions and STR fragments are shown to be very stable.

DATIL TATHA NARI..........

The future of any nation resides with in the walls of education system, that plays a proactive role in developing and nurturing an individual's intellect, character and value system. Higher education is of paramount importance for economic and social development. It is of vital importance for the country as it is a powerful tool to build knowledge based society of 21st century. With the growing size and diversity of the higher education sector particularly in terms of courses, management and geographically coverage it has become necessary to develop a sound data based on higher education. The Indian higher education has emerged as one of the largest in the world with 14.6 million students enrolled in more than 31000 institutions. At present programme wise students enrollment percentage is 86%, 12% and 1% at Undergraduate level, Post graduate level and Research level respectively. The Gross enrollment Ratio (GER), of 13.5% compares quite poorly with 84% in USA and over 40% in several European countries and more than 20% in many developed and developing countries. Moreover only 161 universities and 4,371 colleges had been accredited by NAAC, in which 9 % were graded 'A' 68% were graded 'B' and remaining 'C'. The paper in this context highlights the “Challenges and Perspectives of Higher education in India: Access, Equity and Quality.'

Welfare means faring or doing well. It is a comprehensive term, and refers to the physical, mental, moral and emotional well-being of an individual. Further, the term welfare is a relative concept, relative in time and space. It, therefore, varies from time to time, from region to region and from country to country. Labour welfare, also referred to as betterment work for employees, relates to taking care of the well-being of workers by employers, trade unions and governmental and non-governmental agencies. Labour welfare as a term which is understood to include such services, facilities and amenities as may be established in or in the vicinity of undertakings to enable the persons employed in them to perform their work in healthy, congenial surroundings and to provide them with amenities conducive to good and high morale.

VARTMAN TAK STAPIT.....

Mutual fund products are so designed to target small investors who are basically intimidated by the mysteries of stock market but yet to reap huge benefits by investing in the stock market. The investors of mutual funds are from highly heterogeneous group. So, their selection of funds also differs. Usually, investors have a tendency to shift their investment opportunities from investment to another. This tendency will necessitates the Asset Management Companies (AMCs) to have a clear understanding on the fund/scheme selection or switching behavior of the investors to design suitable and appropriate products in order to meet the changing financial needs of the investors. With this back ground, a survey was conducted among 384 mutual fund investors from the twin cities of Hyderabad & Secundrabad to study the factors influencing the fund/scheme selection behavior of these investors. It is hoped that this survey will underpin the AMCs with regards to planning and implementation of designing, marketing and selling of innovative products.

Jhunjhunu is one of the fast growing city in the Rajasthan as well as in the country which is making its population vulnerable to tobacco use and its repercussions. There is need to curb the tobacco consumption pattern among the people towards a negative growth. The tobacco free initiative can protect and prevent young school going children and minors to get into the tobacco trap. The data has been collected from primary and secondary sources. The study followed purposive sampling method to select the educational institutes; however the public places were selected from all parts of Jhunjhunu. It was found that the compliance of law is almost 51%. In some important aspects such as actual selling of tobacco products compliance is almost 71 %. It is important now to sustain this effort and meet 100% of the compliance of law.

In India the law which govern patent right is "Indian Patent Act 1970". Patent law in India starts from 1911 after the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911, came in to force. The present Patents Act, 1970 came into force in the year 1972, amending and consolidating the existing law relating to Patents in India. The Patents Act, 1970 was again amended by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005, wherein product patent was extended to all fields of technology including food, drugs, chemicals and micro organisms. After the amendment, the provisions relating to Exclusive Marketing Rights (EMRs) have been repealed, and a provision for enabling grant of compulsory license has been introduced. The provisions relating to pre-grant and post-grant opposition have been also introduced. This Paper aims at the study of the role of the judiciary in patent protection in India. It begins with a theoretical exploration of the role of the judicial organ in democratic society. It explains how the judiciary is not merely the arbiter of disputes but is also instrumental in delivering justice through determining and clarifying the status of law. The article then demonstrates the active nature of the Indian Judiciary in patent protection through an examination of case law on the nature of patents and the legal consequences of infringement. The article moves to a brief survey of the landscape of patent law in India in the post-WTO era and concludes with the observation that the judiciary today faces new challenges in the wake of new international obligations, which only enhance its responsibility towards the law and justice.

swaraj ubharani................

The concept of renewal and reconstruction has gained importance because of expanding slums and blighted areas in most cities which help in haphazard growth of built-up areas. Urban renewal is intended to describe the process of dealing with a large area on a whole and it includes preservation, rehabilitation of property or environment and redevelopment. The process gradually changes the character of the area to fit in with the needs of contemporary society. It is distinguished from the radical changes of redevelopment and from the status quo of preservation and rehabilitation. It is in fact, an amalgam of all the processes which act on a town, or a portion of it and which are continual moulding and changing its character and appearance.

In this paper, we study the evolution of azimuthal modulation of the solar wind with magnetic field. The evolution of azimuthal modulation of the solar wind is examined by numerical integration of the basic equations governing supersonic, super-Alfvenic , polytrophic one fluid flow in the equatorial plane of the Sun with radial as well as azimuthal magnetic fields . The numerical model is based on pseudo-conservative form of two dimensional time dependent system. The computations are started by introducing various sets of finite amplitude perturbations stationary with respect to the Sun. It is shown that for a properly chosen set of simultaneous perturbations of the radial velocity and temperature, quantitative agreement with the averaged observational results at 1AU can be obtained, including the advance of the density modulation with respect to those of velocity and temperature. It is further shown that modulations at 1AU depends on the relative azimuthal positions between the Sun and Earth.

Financial literacy is gaining importance in recent years as number new products have been continuously offered in the financial markets. Whatever the type of business such as corporates, small business and family run business the financial management is vital important. Financial literacy enables the efficient financial management ultimately results in increased profitability and reduces cost. The global researchers indicated that, India is least financially literate country. Keeping these things in mind the Reserve Bank of India imitated financial literacy programs to improve the financial literacy of Indians. In case of agriculture the commercialized way of farming calls for farmers to act as entrepreneur. The farm entrepreneur should have enough financial literacy on financial planning, acquisition and allocation of finance to become successful in farming. Now very limited research has been done on the financial literacy of farmers in India. This paper call for research in financial literacy of farmer and its impact on farm productivity by emphasizing the importance of financial literacy in India

A woman has the right to happiness, the right to know, the right to make choices that affect her life and the right to have her opinion respected regarding her own body and her place in the family and in society. A woman has a right to respect within her family, the community and society.

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the science teaching efficacy beliefs instrument in a sample of 340 Nigerian preservice basic science teachers from three different universities within the blueprint of a survey research design. Responses of the participants to the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument (STEBI-B) were analysed using the classical test theory involving the principal components extraction with orthogonal rotation and this supported the factor structure of the science teaching efficacy beliefs in the collectivist culture context. The result of two-factor model is in agreement with those from previous studies and the two factors accounted for 47.32% of the total variance. The findings suggest that science teaching efficacy beliefs construct as measured by STEBI-B, appears to be culturally and contextually invariant. Future research in Nigeria should focus on confirming higher order factor structure findings (e.g., confirmatory factor analysis), to assess the stability of these factors across different samples and groups within science education settings.

The existence of Islam in Ramnad Kingdom during the rule of Setupati Kings is a historical experience which in due course witnessed with the spread of cross-culture of Islam and Hinduis. And the enhancement religious harmony which is the basic need for modern days peaceful-co-existence. No doubt, it was the result of historical sequences and developments in Tamil Country which coincided with the advent of the Arab traders in the coast of Ramnad Kingdom. Islam established its hold in Ramnad Kingdom in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. It had its presence because of the arrival of the Arabs who landed for the first time in the coastal area even in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries in the coast of Ramnad Kingdom for the purpose of trade activities. Subsequently, they began to settle in the coastal places like Kilakkarai, Devipa ttinam, Mandapam, Pamban and others. The paper examines the influence of Islam in Tamil Society and the influence of Hindu elements in the Muslim culture in Ramnad Kingdom , and the relations between the Ramnad Setupati Rulers with Mulsims in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.

The Sociological approach for social analysis is based on foundations of social theories. Any text related to social analysis opens with the definition of a concept (or relationship) and a discussion of the methods to be employed for measuring the sociological phenomenon. Most sociologists feel that such combination of theory and methods is the foundation on which sociology as a science ought to be built. But many of us also feel that something is lacking in this process.

Since from independence, Karnataka has seen many colourful, intelligent and charismatic leaders occupying the position of chief ministership. But no other politician has made a big impression on the minds of people as S. Bangarappa made through his colourful, charismatic, intelligent and visionary politics. Modeling his political career on the paths of socialism and under the guidance of socialist leaders like Ram Manohar Lohia and Shantaveri Gopalagowda, he never forgotten his socialist roots when he occupied the high seat of power, but used the position and power to provide long awaited justice and relief to the Dalits and Backward Classes. Though his innovative and often visionary welfare programmes, he tried to bring the social justice in the society without making any bias in favour of particular caste, creed and community.

“Achieving the goal of equal participation of women and men in decision making will provide a balance that more Accurately reflects the composition of society and is needed in order to strengthen democracy and promote its proper Functioning… Without the active participation of women and the incorporation of women's perspectives at all Levels of decision-making, the goals of equality, development and peace cannot be achieved.” - Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 1995: Article 181

The present study was carried out to know the Political Competency among Backward Classes in rural Haryana. On the basis of literacy rate, 267 respondents from four villages namely, Kardhan , Gokalgarh , Dhanauri village and Chautala village were selected with the help of Stratified Random sampling. The study reveals that majority of the respondents know the name of the Chief Minister and MLA/ MP of their constituency. Maximum respondents knew the meaning of democracy, equality of right, adult franchise, midterm election and lok sabha/vidhan sabha etc. It is also found that majority of the respondents (63.3%) agreed that sometimes politician seem so complicated but disagreed (81.65%) on the point that most political parties care only winning the elections. The study highlighted that caste plays a major role in creating hurdles in decision making process in political sphere. The study shows that majority of the people cast their vote on the basis caste. Regarding the involvement in a political party, only 17.6 % respondents were found having worked for political parties but reluctant on joining an organisation for the OBC's. The study highlights that maximum of the backward classes people were consulted in decision making process at village level but cast their vote on the basis of caste irrespective of their educational advancement.

This paper aims to examine the Role of Electricity Sector in MP's Economic Infrastructural Development. The study is primarily based on secondary sources and data. The present paper articulates the current problems of electricity with analyze the process and consequences of decline such sector in M.P. on an Empirical basis. To capture the different aspects of MPEB, the study has carried out the new horizon in M.P.'s development particularly its rural areas as well as empowerment of weaker sector of the society. The major finding may reflect a role of govt. in infrastructural development of the state so for as the present status of MBEB is concerned. Issues like development through electricity sector, long term vision its importance for socioeconomic growth and to invest more in order to overcome the perennial problem of electricity sector that has emerged in the study area. Further, the paper highlights the loopholes of electricity distribution system. The paper concludes with some suggestive measures in combating the Role of Electricity (energy) in the economic development of the state in particular and country as a whole.

Seamus Heaney is a poet of world recognition now-a-days. His poetry is autobio-graphical to some extent if we examine his poems-“Digging”, “Death of a Naturalist” etc. They give meaning and sound, thought and image while studying them.

The present study was carried out to know the utilization process of reservation policy among Backward Classes in rural Haryana. Stratified Random sampling method was used and 305 respondents were selected from the universe (six villages on literacy basis). It was found in the study that the Ahir, Gujjar, Saini, Sunar, Labana, and Rai-Sikh have had very cordial and friendly relations in comparison to other remaining castes, i.e. Varagi, Darzi, Teli, Pal-Gadria, Zimer, Lohar, Khati, Kamboj, Kumhar, Nai and Garhwali caste peoples. It is apparent from study that there are no significant relationships between the caste and their views regarding the use of reservation policy to obtain govt. jobs, age relaxations in getting jobs and education. But it is found in the survey that above 25 % of the respondents of Ahir, Gujjar, Saini, Sunar, Varagi, Darzi, Pal-Gadria, Lohar, Khati, Kamboj, Kumhar, Rai-Sikh and Nai castes, got the benefit of reservation policy in both fields.

MULE MANJE DEVAGHARCHI PULE..

Natural inhibitors occupy an important place in the potential to neutralize the toxic effects caused by snake venom proteins and enzymes. Snake venom is highly modified saliva containing zootoxins . “Snake venom are highly complex chemical mixture that contains many proteins, mainly particular enzymes, and strongly basic polypeptides”. Neurotoxic venomis fast acting and is rapidly absorbed, attacking the central nervous system. Peptide toxins are usually found inanimal venom associated with specialized envenomationapparatus that allows their delivery into the soft tissue of animals via subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous routes. Most venom comprises a highly complex mixture of peptides, often with diverse and selective pharmacologies. Phospholipase A2 causes hemolysis by lysing the phospholipid cell membranes of red blood cells.Amino acid oxidases and proteases are used for digestion. The Therapeutic uses of cobra venom Neurotoxins in ancient China, cobra venom saw its primary use in the treatment of cancer and arthritis. Reportedly the venom was used to treat liver cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, skin cancer, and leukemia. In the Indian Unani system of medicine, cobra venom has been used as a tonic, hepatic stimulant. In India and China, such venoms are administered at specialized medical centers and for an extensive array of applications.SWISS-MODEL is a structural bioinformatics webserverdedicated to homology modeling of protein 3D structures. Homology modeling is currently the most accurate method to generate reliable three-dimensional protein structure models and is routinely used in many practical applications.

Indian higher educational focuses and emphasizes only to the students educational levels that is the methods and techniques that can be used to motivate students. But another important role that is “Teacher Motivation”. Teacher motivation is a vital role to improve the quality of education. The main determinants of the teachers of higher education institutions are occupational of teachers, job satisfaction and security, salary and social status. It focuses on the importance of the factors that affect the motivation of teachers. It defines the concept of motivation. It also takes into account the sources of motivation which are necessary in teaching process.

When the whole world was reeling under global recession, India could withstand its fury, contain the damage and begin a turnaround mainly due to strong internal strength of its economy. Since the 1990s the economic and financial reforms were based on internalizing the processes and by generating market demand internally for sustained growth. This was to a large extent possible due to the catalytic role played by rural India which is silently but surely progressing economically.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer activity of the marine sponge Hyatella cribriformis associated bacteria Bacillus cereus SBS02 isolated from Gulf of Manner, Tamilnadu, India. Hyatella cribriformis containing bacterial extracts were tested for Hep-2 cell line. The percentage viability of the cell line was carried out by using colorimetric method. The cytotoxicity of the partially purified protein sample 70 kDa and 8kDa on Hep-2 cell was evaluated by MTT assay. Both the protein sample has significant cytotoxic effect on Hep-2 cell line in the concentration range between 3.906 μl to 1000 μl using MTT assay. R2 value of protein 70 kDa was 0.997 and for 8 kDa was 0.964. The above proteins were relatively evaluated for the radial scavenging activity using DPPH. The compound concentration was increased from 2 to 10 mg/ml, the DPPH scavenging rate of 70 kDa protein was 25%, 40%, 65%, 80% and 95.4% and similarly 8 kDa was 25.3%, 48.69%, 84.7% and 96.1% respectively.

The core aims of participatory development planning are to give people a say in the development decisions that may affect them and to ensure that development interventions are appropriate to the needs and preferences of the population that they are intended to benefit. Participatory development can be undertaken by government agencies or other development agencies and NGOs at the national, regional, municipal or community level.

Human beings, alongside their development, create medium of communication by which the members of the group exchange their thoughts and ideas. Every group has a medium of intra-communication of its own. The more organized the groups are, the more developed their means of communications. As the groups grow in their knowledge, art, trade and social values, languages become more and more important and useful means of communication. It is through language that human society is organized and engages in productive activities. The need of communication between different ethnic communities and organizations, for productive activities or otherwise, forces the human organizations to create new languages. In the process, better and higher activities have come to being in the modern world. Languages have thus become indispensable and integral part of the human civilization, without which unified social action has become impossible.

Mohammad Iqbal is a distinguished poet, philosopher and statesman of South Asia. For his grand verse and in-depth knowledge of the subject matter he has been hailed as the poet of the East, Allama, Sir Mohammad Iqbal and so on. The basic sources of his philosophy are the Qur'an (holy book for Muslims), the Muslim Philosophers and mystics, and the Western philosophy and science. Drawing on the religious, spiritual, and literary source of Islam, Iqbal in his magnum opus work, Asrar-i-Khudi (written in Persian verse and translated into English language by Professor R.A.Nicholson as Secrets of the Self), offers a detailed statement of his philosophy of Khudi (selfhood), illustrating the main elements of that philosophy with stories and anecdotes. It is tangible in this book that Iqbal is conscious of his role as a bearer of prophetic message to the Muslims of his age and the generations to come. The essence of that message is the cultivation of dynamic human personality through action, struggle and acceptance of life's challenges. In this book, Iqbal mentions primarily factors that strengthen Self (for example, love of God and Prophet Mohammad SAW, devotion to a noble cause, selfdiscipline and struggle against odds) and the reasons that weaken it (such as dependence on others, inaction or inertia and life-negating philosophy and literature). The concept of self is the central idea of Iqbal's philosophy on which rest of his thought structure is based. The central premises of the Secrets of the Self, revolves around the elevation of the Self and addresses the Muslims to improve their spiritual being rather than bodily and worldly needs.

Global society is now in an information century. In this century, people are witnessing communication revolution. In this revolution, the communication technologies have been developing very fast. In the 1960's organizational communication shifted its primary focus from the applied aspect of communication in the organization, which involved mainly writing, speaking and persuasion to the broader role of communication in areas such as organizational behaviours and organizational theories (Barker and Angelopulo, 2006:14). The objective of this study is to examine the relationships between the degree of organizational communication and developing personalities of the employees in Rane Brake Lining Limited in Sethurapatti Village, Tiruchirappalli District. The descriptive study is an attempt to find out the major defined influencing characteristics of individuals like leadership, team, network, Organizational culture and learning through organizational Communication. The research was done on 100 employees by adopting stratified proportionate simple random sampling method. At the end of the research, findings show that there is a significant relationship between the communication and interactive justice. Further, findings state that there is a significant difference between the Marital Status of the Respondents with regard to the overall Organizational Communication. The study recommended that the flow of information among people precisely and reliable is important for organizations to get sustainable competitive advantage in today's world.

The health of a nation is an essential component of development, vital to the nation's economic growth and internal stability. At present India is leading with the human development concept and millennium development goals. Gujarat is one of the State whose approach to human development absolutely determined and attracts the concentration of researchers and policymakers especially in health sector. Improvement in the health and nutritional status of the population of Gujarat has been the major driving force for the social development programs. In this paper we focus on health infrastructure development and human development. Does health infrastructure a facility pushes to the human development? Yes, health care facilities sustainably reduced poverty in Gujarat. The state has consider economic investment in public heath, directly and indirectly (Public Private Partnership) across the health sector. And it built strong public healthcare system across the all districts in the state along with human development features.

Literacy level and educational attainment are vital indicators of socioeconomic development in a society and for changing women's position and status in the society. Literacy has been defined as, a person who can both read and write with understanding in any language is called as literate, as per 2001 Census. The present paper intends to examine literacy differential in general and gender wise in Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra. The Period selected for the present study is from 1991 to 2001. The present study is entirely based on secondary data which is collected from District Census Handbook, Socio-Economic Abstract of Ahmednagar District. Male-female and rural-urban literacy rate is calculated by using various literacy rate formulas. Present analysis reveals that the gender wise as well as ruralurban gap in literacy is decreased in the last decade with increasing literacy rate in the study region. But, there is still tahsilwise wide gap between male-female and rural-urban literacy rate.

Globalization helped Indian women to achieve equality in education and employment, but on the other hand, the health aspects of working women are neglected due to occupational stress. Many of the studies were already conducted in India on occupational stress and health of working women. These studies are reviewed in the present paper. It is suggested to the working women to perform physical exercise and yoga and also eat nutritious food to maintain their health and control their stress.

As a disciple of this wonderful art form-“Kathak“, i have seen performances of many great Gurus, dancers of Kathak;after watching their performances,i was fascinated by all the beautiful aspescts of Kathak as well as the potential,talent,exubarance a Kathak dancer has, and projects.But predominantly what really came across my mind after watching such great performances, is the body language a kathak dancer has and the natural as well as stylised methord which the performer uses to express.The graceful as well as meaningful gestures which a kathak dancer uses,are sometimes very natural(atleast they look natural),sometimes very stylised, sometimes with the use of symbol etc.The movement is very well synchronised with laya, Swar-Music.I was more curious and more interested in studying this aspect of kathak.

Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. A reproductive health service for adolescents is one of the important component under reproductive and child health programme. This article is mentioned regarding the importance of RCH on Global and India level including the reproductive rights and the package of services. There are so many adolescent health issues is seen in our society and some research studies also conducted in India, their finding are also given in this article. Based on the NFHS-III in Rajasthan, it was focused some health related problems of adolescent reproductive health. The social work interventions in the promotion of adolescent health are necessary for improving their status.

The aim of this paper is to know about the purchasing activity. This paper is discussed about what is purchasing and measurement of purchasing. This paper also told about which are the decision would made while purchasing. I also discussed the technique of quantity purchasing and formulas of purchasing success with the conclusion.

AAJCHYA.......

The purpose of the study was to examine the self esteem and self confidence among athlete and non-athlete. For the present study 100 athlete and non-athlete were selected from Aurangabad city. The effective sample consisted of 100 subjects, out of which 50 subjects were athlete and 50 subjects were non-athlete. The age range of subjects where 18-25 years (M =21.45, SD = 4.11).. Hypothesis 1. There will be significant difference between athlete and non-athlete with respect to self esteem. 2. There will be significant difference between athlete and non-athlete with respect to self confidence. Self Esteem Inventory: is developed and standardized by M S Prasad and G P Thakur for measuring self esteem. And Self confidence test: is developed and standardized by Dr. (Smt Rashmi Jain (2008). Conclusions 1. Athletes have Significantly High self esteem than the non-athlete. 2. Athletes have Significantly High self confidence than the non-athlete.

ANUVAD PRACHIN BHARTIYA.......

Education is the tool that can help break the pattern of gender discrimination and bring lasting change for women in developing countries. Education helps men and women claim their rights and realize their potential in the economic, political and social arenas. It is also the single most powerful way to lift people out of poverty. Education plays a particularly important role as a foundation for girls' development towards adult life. It should be an intrinsic part of any strategy to address the gender-based discrimination against women and girls that remains prevalent in many societies.

The Self-Help Groups are formed for the socio-economic empowerment of rural women. The government, NGOs and Banks are encouraging rural women to form Self-Help Groups by social welfare schemes and financial incentives. As such, financial progress of the Self-Help Groups is successful as revealed by the national level statistics. The paper provided statistics of the Self-Help Groups including self-employment, income generating activities, bank linkage, etc in different states.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of quick march on physical fitness parameter flexibility among high school boys. Methods: Thirty men students age between 12 and 14 were randomly selected and they were divided into two equal groups (n = 15) namely quick march training group and control group. The quick march group were underwent their respective training programme for five days per week for six weeks in which the CG did not participate any special training programme apart from their regular physical education activities as per their curriculum. Flexibility was chosen as a criterion variable it was measured by Sit and Reach test. All the subjects of two groups were tested on selected dependent variables at prior to and immediately after the training programme. Statistical Analysis: The analysis of (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the significant difference, if any between the groups if any. Result: The result showed that However, the improvement on flexibility was greater in quick march training group than in control group.

Indian English has come to be recognized as a variety of English in its own right. The process of Indianization of English had started long before Independence. A large number of Indian words have been assimilated into the English language. More striking forms of assimilation are those that borrow the abstract concepts of Indian Socio-Cultural phenomena and the Indian way of conceptualizing reality through the Indian language items and use them to interpret the native English speakers own predicament. Attempts have been made by number of scholars to identify the lexical borrowing and specify the circumstances in which this has happened. In this paper an attempt has been made to focus the most influential works in the field of lexical borrowing in English. It also focuses limitations of this work.

Speaker recognition is the project build in matlab. Speaker recognition is used to recognize the speaker's identity. As we know every human being has a unique voice so, just by hearing, it is possible to recognize the particular person. Speaker recognition uses the natural features of speech that patterns reflect both size and shape of mouth & throat and speaking style. Speaker recognition uses algorithms for extracting features from speech signals. That features can be pitch, amplitude, frequency etc. The main purpose of this project is to match the sample of training phase with the testing phase

Health insurance increases the fair access of people to health care. In fact, the final aim from improvement of health insurance systems is to have a better reach at all inclusive development. That is the reason why attending to quality and quantity of insurance services is the necessity of every society. This research was undertaken in order to determine the method of providing health insurance service from the outlook of the insured, service providers, and insurance organizations in city of Tehran in the year 2012. The present research is a descriptive plan in which 502 insured individuals, 316 of service providers and 8 managers of insurance organization took part. Required information was collected by sample selection form and questionnaire for insured persons, and questionnaire for employees of insurance, interview and questionnaire for managers. Obtained results from testing quality to show that 82.66% insured as average, 83.54% employees knew the quality as well and 62.5% managers declared it as average. Since most insured people, employees and managers evaluated insurance services in an average rate and there is considerable difference between views of managers and employees about the quality., with respect to the significance of the problem, eliminating this difference and rendering services as desirable form is essential.

BHOUGOLIK ADHAYNO MEIN EK........

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of varied ICT Instructional approaches and traditional method on students' achievement towards science. Students from secondary schools of North Goa District were selected randomly and divided into three groups; two experimental (Eg-1 and Eg-2) groups and a control group (Cg). In teaching science topics, two different computer based approaches were used. Science learning software called LearnNext was used to deal with Computer Based Instruction and Computer Based Learning (along with computer enhanced material),Whereas Teacher Centered Group was taught by the traditional method. The researcher has developed an achievement test related to science, and applied to students in all the three groups. Sample of this study was two secondary schools. Out of which 38 boys and 37 girls were taken on their pre-test achievements scores. For analysis of data the descriptive statistics were used to describe and summarize the respondents. The results of the present study indicate that there is significant difference between mean scores of Control Group and Experimental Group Students in Post test. It has also shown that there is significant difference between mean scores of Girls of Control Group and Experimental Group, Boys of Control Group and Experimental Group in Post test. So also there is significant difference between mean scores of below average, average and above average ability levels in post-test.

This chapter provides a brief introduction to needs assessment and its significance as a tool. Needs assessments are important tools for communities. They can have important impacts on policy making decisions, provided they are carried out well and results are disseminated effectively especially this is concern with developmental projects.

BHRSHTACHAR MANVADIKAR KE.......

Music is an ancient tradition background of the geographical location of India since time immemorial with changing time and the changes in the rulers of the Indian peninsula the culture of the Indian classical music developed and we came more versatile enveloping with it the Persian and the sufi culture. As time passed the Indian classical music saw lot of changes and in order to safe guard the traditional value the Gharana system of the Indian classical music became more prominent

Antennas have lot of attraction in the field of Wireless communication. Due to the requirements, and improvements in technologies, devices become smaller in size as the antennas are needed to be small and light-weighted due to the requirements new applications. here four antennas are designed which are Dipole, patch, PIFA and slot which are smaller in size and which can also be used as multiband application in wireless communication . This paper presents c and comparative analysis of four antennas Dipole, Patch, PIFA and Slot that can be used for

Finance plays a crucial role in accelerating any business activity/economic development and fisheries sector is not an exception. The economic activities of the fishing villages mainly depend upon the availability of credit at reasonable cost to enhance production and income. Lack of institutional credit is an obstacle to further development of the small-scale fisheries sector. In this context the researcher has attempted to study the credit needs of the fishermen, various sources of institutional credit availed by them and their experience with financial institutions. This is an empirical study completed through field study. Thoothukudi District has been selected as the study area. In the study area only 152 respondents have accessed the various institutional agencies and availed 250 loans for meeting the expenditures. The data were collected using a survey schedule. Mean, standard deviation, co-efficient of variation and the One-way ANOVA were used. It is inferred that most of loans are availed from the Cooperative banks (42%) followed by Commercial banks (21%). The vallam craft owners have borrowed the highest number of loans followed by catamaran and FRP boat owners. From the analysis it could be understood that majority of the loans availed from the financial institutions are less than Rs.25, 000 and the financial institutions fail to come forward to provide higher loan amount for the craft owners. Consequently for want of further loans they fall in the clutches of middlemen. Thus it is clear that the financial institutions play a very little role in bringing up the economic status of the fishermen in Thoothukudi District.

The constitution of India not only grants equally to women but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women for neutralizing the existing socio- economic, education and political disparities faced by them. In India the emergence of Liberalization and Globalization in early 1990's aggravated the problem of women works in unorganized sectors from bad to worse as most of the women who were engaged in various self employment activities have lost their livelihood. Despite in tremendous contribution of women to the agriculture sector their work is considered just an extension of household domain and remains nonmonetized. Micro finances are emerging as a powerful instrument for poverty alleviation in the new economy. Women empowerment continues to be a matter of concern in the present society and this has strongly influenced development debates and policy issues. Empowerment of women is critical to the socio-economic progress to the community and bringing women into the main stream of national development has gained momentum. The most important contribution of micro finance is economical and social development with particular focus on women. Rapid progress in SHG formation has turned into an empowerment movement among women across the country.

Theory and research suggests that technical human resource management (HRM) effectiveness, which involves psychometrically sound HRM practices designed to achieve specific short-term objectives, is a required foundation to successfully implement a Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) process. The purpose of this investigation was to assess whether Indian organizations had achieved this level of technical HRM. Results suggest that the majority of Indian organizations do not have the foundation for the development of a SHRM process.

Hospitals, especially in districts and other large cities, are already bursting at their seams because of ever increasing load of patients. This results in overcrowding and poor services to the community, thereby defeating the very purpose for which these institutions are meants. On the other extreme are the smaller hospitals at the Taluka and community development block levels in semi-urban and rural areas which are grossly underutilized. These paradoxes need careful examination, for studying and identifying the causes for such situation and suggest feasible solutions for corrective action.

The Indian constitution provides equal rights to all citizens irrespective of their religion. Article 44 of the constitution recommends a Uniform civil code. However, the attempts by successive political leadership in the country to integrate Indian society under common civil code is strongly resisted and is viewed by Indian Muslims as an attempt to dilute the cultural identity of the minority groups of the country. Therefore, this article has presented analytical study about the participation of Indian Muslim in Indian politics.

As discussed by Kanshi Ram, the untouchables were forced to sign the Poona Pact under the impact of the coercive fast of Gandhiji.Dr. Ambedkar denounced it the very next day expressing his views, “The Untouchables were sad. They had every reason to be”. He kept denouncing it till the end of his life in 1956.

Such has been the development of the patriarchal society that the woman has become a weaker section of human population. Her only function is procreating children and attending households. She is 'Ardhangini' but is a target of social and economic exploitation. The whole of her life is so structured that that she becomes subservient even in the era of equality of sexes, equality before laws and equal protection of laws. It is ironical that cruelty to women and problem of battered wives has become almost a worldwide phenomenon. Domestic hooliganism and violence against married women (the battered wives) occurs all over the world on a significant and disturbing scale. When the constitution was drafted, the drafters were aware of the problems of women as the weaker section of our society. This has been taken care under various Articles of the Constitution. But Indian Constitutional promise of gender equality has not faced a greater neglect than in the area of violence against women. To realize a woman's right to live with dignity as guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution means, first to recognize the pervasive indignity of women's condition.

A Motor Vehicle accident has many dimensions. Primarily it individual a vehicle, driver, the road, adherence to traffic rules and the situation. Focusing on the human element in a given event, the driver and the victim are found to be traumatically engaged, there are alcoholics drivers, aggressive drivers, neurotic drivers, psychologically and emotionally disturbed drivers and so on. Besides, the state of mind a driver is in at the time of a given accident is also reckoned to be an important factor. But victims, they may have in some cases an active role in precipitating an accident however; in many cases they play only passive roles. Modernization is growing fast and peoples are adopting modern life styles. In this modern society there are many types of crimes are happening as a murder, abuse, rape, cheating and kidnapping etc. In these crimes, road accidents also one of the harmful act. This act happening in the society and it is unfortunate thing, and it is in because of crazy driving style of drivers, or road vehicle condition.

Corruption has become rampant and an accepted norm of acquiring basic and sometimes 'free' services. Thus, for a large cross-section of Indian citizens, realization of state-conferred citizenship rights is still a myth, not reality due to corruption. All the more, under the aegis of globalization, it is a great hurdle on the path of progress because out of the huge plan outlays, very little goes to the people whose upliftment is essential for ushering the egalitarian society. Since individual efforts are not paid heed to, justice through the courts is unaffordable and favorable verdict not guaranteed, it is perceive that peaceful, democratic and dialogical avenues are still open for them. Democratic accountability is more than voting, it is about voicing a right and an obligation to voice their opinions on an ongoing basis about the functioning of government programs and agencies and holding them accountable. Hence, civic-driven change is a response to such experiences of discrimination, unfairness and exclusion. Resistance and peaceful protest are the effective methods to be led by the civil society today. In this paper an attempt is made to briefly understand the causes of corruption and the role of civil society in combating corruption in India as ultimately, it is only a powerful civil society movement that can break the vicious cycle of corruption in any society.

The Anganawadi worker and helper are the basic functionaries of the ICDS who run the Anganawadi centre and implement the ICDS scheme in coordination with the functionaries of the health, education, rural development and other departments. Their services also include the health and nutrition of pregnant women, nursing mothers, and adolescent girls. Today in India, about 2 million Anganawadi workers are reaching out to a population of 70 million women, children and sick people, helping them become and stay healthy. The present study focuses on “Socio-Economic Condition of Anganwadi workers, with special reference to Raichur District.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the economic empowerment among SHG beneficiaries in Virudhunagar district. Economic empowerment were measured by six constructs namely Productivity skill, Business practice, Income, Consumption, Work environment, and prosperity. Structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from 400 SHG beneficiaries who were selected by random sampling. Descriptive analysis and inference statistics such as ANOVA, and t- test were used to analyze the data. For quantitative analysis, the independent variables are age of the respondent, education, occupation, Number of times loan taken, age of the group, Purpose of loan taken and economic empowerment of SHG beneficiaries as dependent variable. Hypothesis testing indicates that the personal variables like age of the respondent, education, occupation, Number of times loan taken, and Purpose of loan taken influence the economic empowerment. The variable like age of the group do not influence the economic empowerment

Attitude of students to academic work is an inevitable fact for the academic achievement. The main objective of this study is to find the Attitude of Students Towards Academic Work. A sample of 300 students (150 males, 150 females) was selected from different schools in Thiruvananthapuram District. The sample was selected by using stratified sampling technique. The tool used was “Scale of Attitude towards Academic Work”. Personal data schedule was used to collect relevant information such as sex, medium of school, and type of management. The statistical technique used was t test, and One-way ANOVA. The study derived that, there was significant difference between the male and female students in their attitude towards academic work. There was no significance difference between the students who were studied in English medium and Malayalam medium schools in the study variable and there weren't any significance difference between the students who were studied in the different type of management in their attitude towards academic work. Finding can helps the counsellor to observe and evaluate the students activities and modify the negative attitude towards academic work.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR, also called corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, social performance, orsustainable responsible business/ Responsible Business)[1] is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. In some models, a firm's implementation of CSR goes beyond compliance and engages in "actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interests of the firm and that which is required by law."[2][3]CSR is a process with the aim to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere who may also be considered as stakeholders.

The accumulation of micro nutrients such as boron, zinc ,manganese, ferrous and copper in soil has been an interesting and an important research thrust and was studied during the study period of July 2010 to June 2012. A study was conducted to investigate the accumulation of micro nutrients as heavy metals in soil samples collected from the surface of the soil of ten tribal villages near bhandardara dam in Ahmednagar district of maharashtra .The study stations were situated in high rainfall region. The concentration of these metals was determined by using standard methods in the laboratory. The concentration of heavy metals was found to be just above the permissible ,standard values. Several changes occurred during the study period in concentrations from selected sampling sites

Honour killing is the oppression and murder carried out in the name of culture, tradition, or religion, and the consequential confusion many Indians experience in the name of social familial honour. 'Honour killing' also known as 'customary killing' is the murder of a family or clan member by one or more family members where the murderers, essentially the community at wider scope thinks that the victim through his/her actions has brought disgrace to the family honour. This concept of honour is so deeply rooted in the traditional society that it acquires importance larger than the life of the family member itself. It is a crime which originates from the culture or race or one might even call it a cultural tradition.1 Indeed, recent research has made it amply clear that crimes committed to uphold honour are fairly widely spread not only across India but also in the entire Asian subcontinent. The phenomenon is unbelievable that in the 21st century, where India takes pride over its largest democracy, families murder their kith and kin for allegedly saving their honor. This paper is an attempt to highlight: 1)The concept of honour killing; 2) honour killing in India, how it took its shape, and why its so hard to tackle with it 3)the present legal system that stands to swipe this menace, and the views of Honorable courts on the subject.

The 'history from below' entered the common phraseology of historians from 1966 onwards. Edward Thomson and Eic Hobsbawn in their expositions on the 'history from below' indicated the need to reconstruct the 'mental order of the lower orders' and reconstruct the 'culture of those subordinate classes' which will in fact help to establish their identity. In Deccan Region or South India, the Vijayanagar Empire attained its grandeur through the sound local administration. The local administration was headed at various stages by various people in Rajyams or Provinces. In Tamil Country, a few Rajayams functioned well and these Rajayams had maintained a uniform system of administration. The local judicial officers were the custodians of the existing law, usages, conventions, and practices. They were not assigned a separate identity with a particular function. They not only did judicial business and other administrative works. Collective works were shouldered by them .At the same time they carried out judicial works with clear conviction and sincerity. They tried the cases properly and conducted many tests to find out the real culprits. Many inscriptions of the different regions in Tamil Country testify the various function of the local Judicial Officers. It was an acknowledged fact that even the Central and Provincial Governments could not intervene in the realms of the local Judicial Officers. Even though they were government officials, they were not Government paid servants. They were assigned with income from the land sources. The Judicial system of Vijayaagara was be formulated by a study of the Vyavaharakanda of the Prasaramadhaviya, a legal treatise by Vidhyaranya, who was written it to provide the new empire with a fresh code of law.

Prompted by the varied biological activities of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and Mannich bases, a series of Mannich bases were prepared by condensing 2-(4- bromophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine with different secondary amines and formaldehyde in the presence of acid catalyst. The structures of these novel compounds were confirmed on the basis of spectral data. All the title compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities. The screening data indicated that tested compounds showed good antimicrobial activity.

The plant disease causing infective agents range from viroids, viruses, Bacteria, Parasitic algae, fungi, mycoplasmas, mollicules, parasitic nematodes and parasitic higher plants, about 2500 species of higher plants are reported to be parasitic plants which produce flowers and seeds and belong to the families, Loranthaceae, Convolvulaceae Scrophulariaceae, Orobanchaceae, Lauraceae, Santalaceae and Balanophoraceae. These are either root or stem parasites, parasitic flowering plants as plant pathogens are placed in the following four groups: Mistletoes, the dodders, the Broomrapes and witch weeds. During this investigation, the Cassytha filiformis, a total obligate parasite is living on wood yielding tree species, medicinally important plant species and jungle plant species. Hence in the present study systematic survey and identification of the host's plants and their economic value is proposed to be under taken.

VARTMAN SAMAYA........

NSS programme have expanded both qualitatively and qualitatively over the years. A review committee was set up by the Government of India in August, 1984. One of the important recommendations of the committee was that the programme of NSS had great potential and, therefore, should continue and expand. The committee also recommended a 10 percent rate of growth of coverage of students under NSS in each year. This recommendation of the committee has been accepted by the government and by the end of IX Plan, the target of covering 20.00 lakh students under the programme is to be achieve Recently, the scheme has been extended to form an open unit, involving ex- NSS volunteers, and persons having an aptitude for social work.

It is necessary to study that the kind of locality where the market centres are located i.e Urban / Rural play a vital role in the importance of market centres. Hodder and Ukwu (1969) have classified the market centres of Ibadan area on the basis of their leading study of West African market centres. Dixit (1988) has classified the markets of Hamirpur District (U.P.) on the basis of various factors of typoloty of market centres. Largely populated point in which the market centre is situated has greater attractive power. If the populated point has urban status the pull factor becomes greater. On the contrary a market located at a small rural centre, generally, does not exert a greater pull if some other significant factor is not present. Broadly speaking an urban area market is a larger as compared to its rural counterpart.

The present study was initiated in the context of increasing demand for imparting sex education to adolescent children. This study was an attempt to understand the attitude of teachers about sex education to their adolescent children. The participants of the study was a randomly chosen one consisting of 75high school and 75 higher secondary teachers of different school belongs to the age group of 25 to 55 years. The variable was measured using A Measure of Attitude towards Sex Education. The study concluded that there was no difference in the attitude of high school and higher secondary teachers and both of them have the same attitude of providing sex education to their students.

The Kingdom of Bhutan located on the lap of Himalayas remained remarkable in the decade of 1990. Mainly the royal Bhutanese Government took policies of displacement to the people of Nepalese origin living in the southern part of Bhutan and when the Bhutanese people of Nepalese origin stood against the government policies, a kind of critical situation was erupted. Moreover the Government itself made efforts to chase them away from Bhutan after that within three years, eighty five thousand Bhutanese of Nepalese origin took shelter in Nepal and about twenty five thousand entered Indian territory. During that time, according to their letters, it has been known that they were tortured, not got any help from Indian Government and being unable to lead a normal life they had to ask help of international community. Among those letters only one is published and others are unpublished. Those letters, being importance with historical point of view, the Scholar has made them as the central point of this paper and included a small portion of those letters in this paper.

Peace refers to freedom from war and civil disorder, resulting in tranquility of mind. And peace education is promotion of knowledge, attitude, skill and way of life to gain and keep up this mental quiet. Individuals in the present post-modern world are continually facing tension and trouble- economic, political, social and ethical. Clash of civilizations, ethnic- strife and socio-economic upheavals are out to push humanity on the verge of extinction. At this 'hard times', revival of a culture of peace is the need of the hour. Peace education at school level can go a long way in promoting order in the trouble-torn society of today. This paper is an endeavour to know the concept and nature of peace education, its importance and means of nurture.

The absolute security in the mobile ad hoc network is very hard to achieve due to dynamically changing and fully decentralized topology as well as the vulnerabilities and limitations of mobile data transmissions.. Defense against denial of service (DoS) attacks is a critical component of any security system as these attacks can affect the availability of a node or an entire network. In this work, we focus on jamming (DoS) attacks at the physical and MAC layers in 802.11 based ad hoc networks. Collisions in mobile networks occur due to varying factors such as jamming attacks, hidden terminal interferences and network congestion. We present a probabilistic analysis to show that collision occurrence alone cannot be used to conclusively determine jamming attacks in mobile channel. To increase the reliability of attack detection, it is necessary to provide enhanced detection mechanisms that can determine the actual cause of channel collisions.

KONTYAHI RASHTRACHI PRAGATI.....