-Education is a fundamental requirement in a democracy. Through education people become more informed and responsible citizens and become capable to contribute in the development of the country. Different forms of Mass Media contributed towards promotion of education and awareness in the society. In the modern age, Mass Media are playing an important role in promoting education and awareness in the country. Mass Media has proved as an important tool for the development of education in the country by helping the people in getting proper education and creating awareness in them. The emergence of different forms of Mass Media have driven e-learning in transforming open distance education and thereby advancing the knowledge economy. In India, the challenge is to bring different communities and the urban and rural populace under the ambit of education. Educational Television and Radio channels are like a boon as they can be accessed with the help of an ordinary television set or an FM radio. IGNOU through 'Gyan Darshan'- the educational TV channel and the 'Gyan Vani'- the FM radio network for education and development in the country is promoting education and awareness. Vyas Channel produces educational content on various undergraduate subjects to supplement the classroom teaching. The advantages of having such channels are that education can reach to large number of viewers across millions of house-holds. The knowledge and information gap which exists due to lack of communication in remote places gets bridged to a great extent through this mode. In this way, Television and Radio are playing an important role to carry knowledge to households and students, teachers and public to bridge the knowledge and information gap and to provide the same quality of higher education to all and make them aware in the field of education. The present paper focuses on the various roles ofEducational Television and Radio in promoting education.

No study of the women's participation in Indian freedom struggle would be complete without referring to their attempt to build their own organisations. In this respect Sarla Devi Choudhurani played a pioneering role as she set up the Bharat Stree Mahamandal as early as 1904. During the Gandian era of national movement, women continued their movement for political rights and social reform activities by forming into organisations. Women took out processions, propagated the use of khadi and even courted jail. Women gave up their ornaments, broke their foreign bangles and vowed that they would not wear that item again. In 1930, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya addressed meetings and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. She was in charge of women's organisations of the Hindustan Seva Dal.

The ground water quality is indicated by the amount of dissolved or suspended inorganic or organic material in ground water by means of which it acquire physical and chemical characteristic. A systematic study has been carried out to assess the physicochemical characteristics of water samples of Wells from Kundalika dam command area Beed. The parameters were analysed such as Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity, COD, BOD, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Chloride. The research work shows that the water quality of the wells from Kundalika dam command area is found to be affected possibly due to increase in use of chemical fertilizers, insecticide and pesticide in agricultural field of the area may contaminated the ground water.

सूफी संतो, फ़कीरों व् दरवेशों ने सूफी काव्य को संगीतबद्ध कर ना केवल इस्लाम के प्रचार का साधन बनाया अपितु ईश्वर से मिलाप का एक सरल माध्यम भी माना | “Sufis had accepted MUSIC as a means of attaining union with God” 1 अर्थात सूफीयों ने संगीत को प्रमात्मा से मिलाप का एक माध्यम माना है |

The mansabdari system under the Mughals in India was the product on an evolutionary process. This institution was borrowed in form western Asia and modified to suit the needs on the time in India. Mansabdars were divided into Irani, Turani and Hindustani. So, Mughal king had the chan to unite his kingdom. Indeed, the success of the system depended ultimately on king's skill and ability. Until, it was correct, Mughal dynasty had no problem but in later part it lacked and the base of Mughal was broken down.

This paper deal with transient non-homogeneous thermoelastic problem with Newmann’s boundary condition in thin hollow cylinder of isotropic material of inner radius a , outer radius b and height h occupying region R: a r b z h £ £ £ £ £ £ ,0 ,0 2 f p having initial temperature f r z ( , , ) f placed in an ambient temperature zero. The cylinder is subjected to the activity of moving heat source along circular trajectory of radius 0 r where 0 a r b < < around the centre of the cylinder with constant angular velocity w . The heat conduction equation containing heat generation term is solved by applying integral transform technique and Green’s theorem is adopted in deriving the solution of the heat conduction. The solution is obtained in a series form of Bessel function and trigonometric function and derived thermal stresses.

This study examines information needs for Small Scale Miners (SSM) in Taita Taveta County in the Coastal region of Kenya. The geological and mineral resources technical reports of the region indicate the presence of deposits of globally known gemstones such as Ruby, Tsavorite, Sapphire, Emerald and garnets. Industrial minerals include iron-ore, limestones, magnesite and graphite. There are many Small Scale Miners (SSM) and medium sized mineral prospecting companies operating in the area. This study was conducted as a follow-up of a workshop on mining practices organized for SSM at Taita Taveta University College in 2011 with the help of questionnaires. Participants were drawn from four districts that form Taita Taveta County. Objectives of the study were to determine the information needs of SSM, identify current information sources, identify problems and constraints encountered and make appropriate recommendations for improving information services to SSM. It is evident from the present study that majority of SSM are unable to get the necessary geological and mining information to support their activities so that people involved at local level can operate openly and effectively despite their notable presence in Taita Taveta County. A number of factors could help explain the set of information challenges that continue to confront SSM as they go about their mining operations in the County. This study attempted to investigate both internal and external factors contributing to the lack of information challenges and subsequently came up with recommendations to help these SSM maximize mining operations efficiently.

Landuse changes, modifications in ecosystem structures and the loss ofbiodiversity affect the whole planet and have aroused worldwide public concern. Since the beginning of the 20th century, scientific and political debate on these issues, both nationally and internationally stated (Bolettaet. Al. 2000) have pointed towards land-use change, which is one of the most important human and nature induced environmental changes.Remote sensing is a suitable tool to measure the landuse changes specially through RS and GIS software.Here an attempt has been made to analyze the landuse category of Saltlake town in WestBengal,India in two different years and detect the changes occurred and explaining the reason behind it. As a planned town it experienced minor changes but important in respect of environmental factor

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon that is characterized by diffuse mucosal inflammation that originates in the rectum and involves the colon in a continuous, circumferential fashion. The clinical course of ulcerative colitis is marked by exacerbations and periods of remission. The exact etiology of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but it is thought to arise from an immune response in the gut in genetically predisposed individuals. Ulcerative colitis is found almost equally in men and women and tends to appear in young adults, although it can be diagnosed at any age. Ulcerative colitis occurs in families in approximately 2% to 5% of cases, which is a higher frequency than expected by chance, meaning that it sometimes has an inherited (genetic) pattern. The main symptom of the disease is bloody diarrhea with mucous, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain and cramping. Joint pains, mouth sores, skin rashes, and eye inflammation may accompany ulcerative colitis in some individuals.

In developing country like India, the right to safe and sustainable access to urban water supply and sanitation services & efficiency of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in service delivery of these basic services to meet the growing demands and aspirations of their citizens is a very crucial issue. The issues of access to basic services to all, including the urban poor including those living below poverty line, slums and un-served, are complex and cannot be seen in isolation. For very obvious reasons, the concept of inclusive development has been in the limelight recently and addressing equity service delivery issues is among topmost priorities of Government of India amply reflected through 'Inclusive Growth' as the core theme for the Five Year Plan (2007-2012). Many urban development initiatives by Government of India like JnNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission), NUSP (National Urban Sanitation Policy), RAY (Rajiv Awas Yojana) etc., emphasize to improve access of the excluded and urban poor to the basic services of UWSS (Urban Water Supply and Sanitation). Handbook on Service Level Benchmarking, developed by The Ministry of Urban Development emphasizes on safe access of all citizens (including poor and slum dwellers) to safe and sustainable:- Water Supply, Sewerage, Solid Waste Management and Storm Water Drainage and has also developed benchmark in the four service sector

रोजगार हमी योजनेची सुरुवात भारतात सर्व प्रथम महाराष्ट्र राज्यानी केली.या योजनेस दुष्काळ निर्मुलन करणारी व मागेल त्याला कामाची हमी देणारी योजना म्हणून ओळखली जाते.

The present study was undertaken to analyze the perception of customers towards home loans of Canara bank in Tirunelveli city. The paper examined the satisfaction level and problems faced by customers while availing loans. The study is based on the sampling method. Data for this investigation were collected from primary as well as secondary sources. The list of respondents was obtained from the Canara bank. Some of the secondary data were collected from articles in the IBA Bulletin, the RBI Bulletin and pamphlets produced by some banks. The data relates to the month of April 2014. Percentage analysis, averages, t tests, standard deviation, chi-square tests, skewness and probability analysis were used. It is revealed from the table that 80 percent of the respondent's selection criteria of Canara bank for availing home loans were the prompt services of the bank, followed by 72.78 percent who preferred the bank due to its low interest rates. Further, 40 percent respondents preferred the bank due to convenient location and 47.22 percent due to its good reputation in the city. 42.03 percent opinion about the bank is less paper work, followed by 39.02 percent who like simple and fast processing procedure of Canara bank. Further, 31.74 percent of the respondents like longer repayment period provided by the bank and the same percentage like easy repayable instalments. Hence, from the above discussion it is inferred that most of the respondents preferred Canara bank because of its prompt services. The result of the hypothesis showed that the calculated't' values. This implies that there is no significant difference between male and female home loan borrowers in respect of availability of personnel at the service counter and received instalments in time.

The Act of 1935 was an important benchmark in the constitutional history as well as in the national movement of India. It changed, at least for the time being, the politico-constitutional character of the Indian National Congress (hereafter INC). Reeling under the pressure from the pro-reformists and advocates of the office-acceptance group, the INC accepted the scheme of Provincial Autonomy. The present article seeks to analyse the Government of India Act, 1935 and the reaction of various Indian political groups towards the scheme of Provincial Autonomy. While keeping the viewpoint of INC and All India Muslim League central to the argument, it also tries to highlight the political ideas of other important stakeholders viz., the Kisan Sabha and Congress Socialist Party towards the Provincial Autonomy and issue of office acceptance.

Agriculture is the backbone of India and one of the most important sectors in the Indian economy . In order to further develop this sector, technology has become one of the main components Present day the machineries used in the agricultural industry to produce fertilizers have major disadvantages among which the manual coconut leaves cutter which we use presently produce the output in stick form which again needs the manual intervention to convert them into powder form, that can be further used as a natural fertilizer for the better production. But the present scenario results in difficulty to produce output from the machine as a powder form g tools like shovels etc.the whole is not only inconvenient but also entails additional labors. The main objectives of the project work are to get the powder of the coconut and leaves, and these powered forms are produced by grinding the dry coconut leaves. These coconut and leaves are fed in to the machine that consists of blades running at certain rpm, and as the dry coconut leaves are inserted the powder is collected. This paper also aims at calculating the Feed rate in rev, and the Blade cutting speed in rpm.

दिल्ली राज्य में 1993 से 2010 तक माध्यमिक एवं वरिष्ठ माध्यमिक विद्यालयों की उपलब्धता का लिंग एवं संगठन की प्रकृति के संदर्भ में अध्ययन किया गया है । इस विकासात्मक अध्ययन में प्राथमिक एवं द्वितीयक दोनों प्रकार के स्रोतों से प्रदत्तों का संकलन किया गया । दिल्ली में माध्य एवं व. माध्य.वि.की उपलब्धता का अध्ययन करने पर स्पष्ट होता है कि उपलब्धता की प्रवृत्ति में समरुपता नहीं है । विद्यालयों की उपलब्धता में अनियमित वृद्धी हुई है|

सौदा अभिवाक शब्द को न तो दण्ड प्रक्रिया संहिता या अन्य किसी विधि में परिभाषित किया गया हैं| सौदा अभिवाक का सामान्य अर्थ हैं - अभियुक्त व अभियोजन के मध्य आपसी करार जो अभियुक्त के विरुद्ध आरोप तय होने के पश्चात वह अभियोजन पक्ष को निश्चित रकम अदा करने या क्षतिपूर्तिका वचन देता हैं|

लोकसभा चुनाव में नरेंद्र मोदी , बीजेपी और एनडीए को मिली शानदार जीत को हिंदी समाचार पत्रों ने भी प्रमुखता से छापा है … प्रसिद्ध समाचात्र पत्र नवभारत टाइम्स ने अपने मुख्य पॠष्ट के अलावा एक अलग से मेन कवर पेज बनाया है जिस पर नरेंद्र मोदी की तस्वीर के साथ लिखा है अबकी बार चमत्कार ,, साथ ही समर्थकों का जश्न मनाते फोटो भी प्रकाशित किया है …इस पृष्ट पर पत्र लिखता है कि - सिर्फ एक शब्द है चमत्कार,जो दुनिया की सबसे बड़े डिमोक्रेसी की सोलहवीं लोकसभा के नतीजों के बारे में कहा जा सकता है|

Present study was conducted to determine the fauna of calliphorid flies of Solapur district during different seasons. Calliphoridae flies ( blow flies ) are the useful insect for the investigation of victims 'death date. In order to understand the distribution of active species of blow flies in Solapur , we collected forensically important blow fly samples from carrions in different seasons.

Through this paper an idea is generated for the estimation of polar moment of Inertia .The relation of polar moment of inertia with the twisting of material and its role in reducing the twisting effect is elaborated. In this section finding the polar moment of inertia of rectangular lamina in the shape of L and T is to be analyzed by the coding in the MATLAB software.

According to Lyons (1977:270-4), the whole vocabulary of a language is structured through semantic relations. They are linguistically termed as sense relations. And the entire vocabulary may be explained through the different types of sense relations such as synonymy, hyponymy, binary opposition, non–binary opposition, part-whole relations, and so on. Most of the vocabularies show the relations of identity hold between two or more vocabulary items. Such a kind of vocabularies is included under the relations of synonymy. Many of the vocabularies are semantically related words that show contrast either between two words or more than two. Such a kind of vocabularies comes under opposition. When the contrast is between two words, the opposition is called as binary - opposition. When the contrast is between more than two, the opposition is called as non-binary opposition or incompatibility. A large section of the vocabulary shows the relation of hyponymy, i.e., a class of inclusion where a generic word includes as its members, a number of specific words. A large part of the vocabulary which does not fit into any of the above relations includes under part- whole relation, which is a relationship between the whole body of something and its parts. Thus, this paper is mainly concerned with identification of synonymous words found in tirukkuRaL written by the ever great Tamil scholar tiruvaLLuvar.

Providing access to quality and sufficient energy to all households, individuals, sectors, and institutions at all times is the minimum condition for economic development. The climate change is gradually harming the environment, social and economic development of world economy. The major culprit fuelling the climate change is burning of fossil fuel. Hence, the power generation in India should not only aim at sufficient power generation, but also at generating clean, green and sustainable energy. The major sources of renewable power in India are 1) Wind power 2) Small Hydro power 3) Biomass 4) Cogeneration biogases and 5) waste to energy. India is having 89,760 MW estimated potential of renewable energy. But less than 2% are harnessed in actual terms. The important issue often spoken and debated in many studies is renewable energy projects are about the cost of producing the Renewable energy, despite huge subsidies. But I am surprised whether these studies take into consideration the aid and subsides given to conventional sources of energy. The government of India also gave the coal to private and government thermal plants at a throw away prices. The CAG report revealed that 628.5 million tons of coal was given to government and private thermal power corporation almost for free, which is valued at Rs. 1.86 lakh crore! What if the costs of mitigating carbon emissions are added to cost of generating electricity from conventional sources, it would definitely be more costly than renewable sources. Moreover, higher production cost alone should not refrain India from producing electricity from renewable sources, the Health of the individuals and economy are more important than higher cost of producing energy from renewable sources. It is also true, that energy from conventional energy cannot be completely done away. A proper energy mix with a major impetus to green and clean technology is the need of the hour.

Novice or beginner sees the content of science as isolated pieces of information handed down by authority and disconnected from the world around them. Every learner do carry beliefs about learning a given technical subject and Novice like beliefs affect their learning. It is expected that after going through training under a given course their beliefs should turn in to Expert like beliefs. This survey intended to compare the change in the Cognitive beliefs amongst engineering students if at all, of two different district that is to say New Mumbai and Karjat district, by well known Maryland Physics Expectancy test (MPEX test). Also their brain Hemisphericity dominance was observed at entry and exit level with the help of Hemisphericity Dominance Test (HDT). There is great difference in the development of these districts. In Mumbai there are many research institutes are available and learner is well informed and research facilities are easily available while Karjat district is yet underdeveloped. This research is an attempt to find change in cognitive beliefs and Hemisphericity dominance present due to this amongst students.

The purpose of the paper is to determine the extent to which the higher secondary school students attitude towards e-learning. A well structured questionnaire was administered among higher secondary school students. Initially the tool was constructed with 48 statements in relevant field. To standardize the tool the researcher used for Likert formula to calculate 't' value for each statement and finally 46 statements are retained in this study.

The Micro, Small and Medium sized Enterprise (MSMEs) Sector continue to be a vibrant sector of the Indian economy. This sector contributes nearly 45 per cent of the total industrial production and accounts for approximately 40 per cent of the total exports. This Micro Small and Medium sector has every time making a higher growth rate than the large industries. There are over 6000 products ranging from traditional to high-tech items, which are being manufactured by the small enterprises in India. After agriculture, this sector provides the highest opportunities for both self-employment and jobs in India. The small enterprises sector in India holds a great potential for further expansion and growth. This paper explained that MSME have been accorded high priority due to vital role they play, employment generation, equitable distribution of national income, improvement in entrepreneurial skills and contribution to export earnings. The study also examines the problems faced by MSME. The study concludes that this dynamic sector is now facing number of problems which make them sick. Based on the results, a number of recommendations have been provided at the end to promote the growth of this sector.

The real world experiences show that there are cases where development is happen due to social and economic equality among the individuals of an economy. So that with income equality an economy can grow at higher pace than with income inequality. For example, the case studies of eight East-Asian tigers show that the equality (socially & economically) benefits the country in the development process. We want to demonstrate that inequality in income can hamper the growth of an economy by affecting the potential level of consumption and investment. To analyze the argument, let we have a closed economy macro model with inequality. We have shown that inequality leads affects economic growth adversely.

CDR is a necessity especially in this era where economic changes in the form of upturn and downturn are a way of life and a part of business cycles for individual companies. Taking into consideration the need, the Reserve Bank of India, for that purpose, put in place the scheme of CDR in August 2001 based on the mechanism prevalent in other countries . CDR has received attention because of the extraordinary rise in the number and volume of advances being restructured under the scheme recently, especially in Banks. The guidelines on restructuring have generally been used to the advantage of both the borrowers and the lenders , mostly banks, in situations of economic downturns and liquidity problems. Due to the extraordinary rise in the cases referred to and restructured under CDR mechanism during the current and previous fiscal years, questions are being raised as to whether this indicates a general downturn or gross misuse of the CDR Mechanism by banks and corporate borrowers. Any kind of restructuring has to be accompanied by prudence on the part of the lenders and financial discipline on the part of the borrowers.

-Kishtwar as name of the area between Chinab and Maru valley in Jammu and Kashmir th became popular term from 12 century onwards. This area was known by several names before being named and popularised as Kishtwar. These names were given by the people who settled in the area from time to time. It is known that Kishtwar was founded by Kahn-sen in the IInd half of the 16th century. The th most important rulers of Kishtwar in the 17 century were Partap Singh, Raja Gaur Singh, Jagat Singh Bhagwan Singh, Maha Singh, Jaya Singh, Kirat Singh, these were very important rulers of Kishtwar. In the ruling family the important posts were always filled by royal blood or close relatives of the Raja. During medieval period kishtwar had relations with Mughals, Kashmir and other areas. These relations varied from time to time due to different reasons i.e. Political and religious.

Women have been successful in breaking their confinement within the limits of their homes by entering into varied kinds of professionals and services women entrepreneurs have proved to be on par with their men counterparts in business acumen and are emerging as smart and dynamic entrepreneurs. Women owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries. The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of women have gradually been changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic status in the society. Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for women to emerge into business ventures. „Women Entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. The state of Tamil Nadu is the industrially developing area in which some of the entrepreneurs excel in small scale industry. Even though the government organizes women by various associations, they are not ready to undertake the business. As compared to men, women are less motivated to start business units due to some unwanted fear, lack of motivation and kind of activities. Thus, the study aims at undertaking the entrepreneurial development among women highlights their motivational forces and relationship between socio-economic background of women entrepreneurs, motivational factors and their existing entrepreneurial traits. The future will see more women venturing into areas traditionally dominated by men. The socio background including factors, type and mode of business, training programmes are the important problems of women entrepreneurs in Namakkal District of Tamil Nadu.

Liberal feminism, being one of the integral school of Feminism has been playing a significant role in the women emancipation movement since the second half of the eighteenth century. Liberal feminism is basically based on individualism. This article is a humble attempt to focus on the central idea of liberal feminism. Both descriptive and analytical method is applied in the discussion of the aforesaid matter. Logic used in the analysis is both deductive and inductive. With the help of certain primary and secondary sources, the article is prepared to focus on the central idea of the liberal feminism.

Liberal feminism, being one of the integral school of Feminism has been playing a significant role in the women emancipation movement since the second half of the eighteenth century. Liberal feminism is basically based on individualism. This article is a humble attempt to focus on the central idea of liberal feminism. Both descriptive and analytical method is applied in the discussion of the aforesaid matter. Logic used in the analysis is both deductive and inductive. With the help of certain primary and secondary sources, the article is prepared to focus on the central idea of the liberal feminism.

Present cross sectional study was done to find out the psychiatric problems in elderly persons living in urban area. Elderly are prone for various types of psychosomatic disorders due to inherent and environmental factors. Common psychiatric illnesses found in geriatric age group in this study are depression, adjustment disorders, anxiety disorders & panic disorders etc. High prevalence in geriatric patients needs special attention to improve their overall health statuses.

E- Marketing is also known as online marketing, I- marketing and web marketing. In India there are around 154 million internet users and they are growing at the rate of 27%. Only 13% of India has internet connectivity, which shows that there is a large untapped market. Marketers use internet and various digital media and try to capture the market. It not only facilitates the business but also provide round the clock services to the customers also. E – Marketing is a broader term as it includes the internet banking also. The objective of this article is to understand the meaning and process of E- marketing and how a business can adopt it. Various online marketing strategies are also discussed in this article with some examples of the popular social media and digital marketing agencies.

Education is the most important instrument for human resource development, education of women therefore occupies top priority amongst various measures taken to improve the status of women in India. In this paper we have tried to capture the occupational ambition of the female students in professional and Non professional institutions. We have tried knowing the obstacles and the factors affecting the occupational ambition of female students. In recent years the focus of planning has shifted from equipping women for their traditional roles & enhancing not only their own qualities but also contribution in family as well as nation's economy & income. Modern society is based on science & technology so one has to develop her individuality to come out of her shell & develop herself accordingly. Professional education is looked as sort of agency assisting in economic production, it helps in directing proper & higher order skills & is the process by which men or women prepare for rigorous, responsible services in professional spirit.

The present research work intent to study the impact of socio-economic status on personality and life style of pupil teachers (B.Ed.) trainee on the basis of gender. Hence the researchers aim at to find out the impact of socio-economic status (SES) on the Personality of male and female pupil teachers and to study the life style of pupil teachers according to gender. Researchers selecting 1000 samples out of total population on the basis random sampling techniques with the help of standardized tools collected data and on the basis of normative survey method analysis and interpretation with required statistical technique like Mean, Standard Deviation, Critical Ratio, Degree of Freedom, Coefficient of Correlation, and ANOVA tested the hypotheses find out the purposive findings to focus on proper suggestive suggestion towards conclusion

After getting Independence from the British, India had to devise its foreign policy so as to serve its national interests. The strategy of every state has to decide on certain course of action and refrain from certain others and, the performance of each state affects the performance of others. China attacked on India in 1962; Pakistan fought a war with India in 1965, and the tests conducted by China and worsened relations between China and India and India and Pakistan. These tests had changed the security scenario in South Asia, especially in India. In the meantime, the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was adopted for signature but India did not sign the treaty for its discriminatory provisions for nuclear and non-nuclear nations. Every country of the world was talking about NPT but on the other side persistently developing nuclear programme like in 1945 the United Nations, Russia in 1949, United Kingdom in 1952, France in 1960, China in 1964, the tests conducted by all the above mentioned countries compelled India to go for nuclear in 1974. After conducting nuclear tests in Rajasthan desert in 1974, India maintained that it was only for peaceful proposes. In 1998, India conducted five nuclear tests and declared itself as 'nuclear weapons state.' This paper examines that nuclear policy of India has many phases and why and how the country developed its weapons autonomously?

Absenteeism is a serious workplace problem and an expensive occurrence for both employers and employees seemingly unpredictable in nature. A satisfactory level of attendance by employees at work is necessary to allow the achievement of objectives and targets by a department. Absenteeism results in financial losses, because of the resultant reduction in productivity and the cost of sick leave benefits or others are paid as wages for no work. Absenteeism reduces the satisfaction level of the employee and makes him unsecured about his job in the organization. Most researches had concluded that absence is a complex variable and that it is influenced by multiple causes, both personal and organizational. This paper focus on absenteeism as a threat to the organization as it reduces the employee satisfaction and the ways to manage absenteeism in the Hindustan Coco Cola Beverages Private Limited in order to improve the productivity of the organization.

The purpose of present study is to investigate the impact of advertisement on consumer behavior on college students (N = 100). This paper aims to explore the role of advertisement on attitudes towards buying behavior. A questionnaire has prepared to evaluate the impact of advertisement. The sample data has been collected from college students, between 18-26 age group. As a whole seven brands of body and detergent soaps has been taken into consideration as FMCG's brands like Lux, Pears, Dettol,Dove, Fiama D' Wills, RIN and Surf Excel. Data collection were made in respect of their co-relations with advertisements. As a result,mean,standard deviation frequency and percentage were used andpresented in tabular format. These results exposed that advertisement attracts towards the preference andchoices to influence the consumer buying behavior.

Gold is a shinning yellow and very precious metal which has always remains a centre of attraction for ladies and traders from very past. Gold is also a symbol of power and wealth. Although, many generations has come and go but the craziness, attraction and love for gold is still intact in people nothing has changed. Now, if we look at the current scenario in this regard then the results we get are as follows:

Socio-Economic Status is one of the key factors which has been studied extensively in behavioural sciences research. It has been observed that SES as an independent variable has a greater impact on dependent variable i.e., performance of an individual. Behavioural component have grater bearing on socio-economic conditions of the individual. It has been conclusively proved that SES is one of the main correlates of behavioural component.

-The success of an organization depends not merely on its physical, financial and technological resources but also depends upon its human recourses. One of the key factor of any organisation is his human resources..An old saying that' a happy worker is a productive worker' is so true in today's world also however it's so difficult to express relationship between job satisfaction and productivity. It was always believed that high job satisfaction leads to higher productivity, lower labour turnover and lower job stress also. A satisfied, happy and hardworking employee is the biggest asset of any organization, including banks. Banks are the backbone of every economy, so there productivity , efficiency, profitability matters a lot for an economy. The present study has been designed to know the satisfaction level of employees in public and private sector banks, and to know the relationship of various factors with job satisfaction and some suggestive measures.

सामाजिक समस्या धरणग्रस्तांच्या पुनर्वसन संदर्भात काही सामाजिक समस्या निर्माण झाल्या आहेत. या समस्या प्रत्यक्ष निरीक्षणावरून व उत्तरदात्यांच्या उत्तरावरून संशोधककाने मांडण्याच्या प्रयत्न केलेला आहे.

After food settlement is the most important need of man .men construct houses and develop settlements to protect themselves against the vagarious of weather and to enjoy social life. In fact settlement is man's most important base for adaptation with his physical as well as cultural environment. Housing occupies a most important place in the problem of welfare of the people. It is a matter of the almost importance in the social welfare of the city also. Unsatisfactory housing conditions are given as a major cause of juvenile delinquency and the wrecking of marriages. Social welfare is deeply concerned with adequate housing, next to food and clothing housing is basic necessities of human beings. It plays significant role particularly for the maintenance of family life. Housing is a social an economic and civic problem. All these aspects of housing need full consideration. There is increasing recognition everywhere of the close relation between housing and health and wellbeing of the people during the nineteen century directed public attention to the problems of housing . the first movement was caused by the condition of the slums and was aimed at housing reform. The two aspects of the problems of slums are first the rapid growth of cities in the industrial age has caused a deficit in the actual dwelling supply in relation to the increasing size of population .The second aspect is related with quantitative deterioration. Human beings migrate because they are living beings with experiences and aspiration. There are no dispute regarding is a component for creating population growth. It's impact is fell in the region where both 'push' and 'pull' factors operate with varying intensity. Slums are generally cramped areas lacking adequate sanitation. Houses are small and tightly packed together, often made out of cardboard, tin plastic, wood or other scavenged material. Many governments and local authorities view slums as illegal settlements and refuse to take responsibility for providing services. Slum dwellers are left with no clean running water, electricity, sewerage systems or garbage collection because they are set up without any formal planning. Slums also lack adequate roads, public land like parks or playgrounds, schools, health centres and drainage. Garbage piles up around the slums or else is burnt causing smog and air, water and noise pollution also.

Optical fiber offers many advantages compared with electric cables, including high bandwidth, low loss, and lightweight, immunity from lightening strikes and the resultant current surges, and no electromagnetic interference. Fiber optic networks such as fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) are widely accepted and supported by the industry as one of the international standards for high-speed local area networks (LAN).Therefore, in this presentation, a novel surface-micro machined free- space fiber optic switch with integrated micro actuators for optical fiber communication systems has been presented. The free operation up to 89 g’s has been achieved for vibration frequencies from 200 Hz to 10 kHz.

Criminality has been observing over period of time as a social evil, since from the civilization holy sculptures and scriptures also give an account of crime and origin of criminality. Human to satisfy the greed and needs becoming antisocial animal the evil of criminality is not limited to common man. Which has often said that economic insecurity like poverty makes man greedy and influences him to adopt anti social behavior but it is also true that people who are in higher social strata also becoming prone to antisocial activities. In common parlance criminality of human can be said as “criminal tend to destroy the evidence of his criminality” peoples who are in higher socio- economic status inflicting pains to victims and / or to their relatives to save from the law. Though imbalance in law and order making victim or witness very difficult to live. Adopting more violent methods is eminent to the people who are experts in escaping from the clutches of law. This study observes that change in technology and way of life influencing human behavior to adopt different strategies of crime and types of crime and criminality also changing with span of time. Since the society is changing in its structure there is a lack of social control on an individual this is what to some extent becoming the root cause which is leading to drastic change in the crime rate and incising in its severity. This study is objected to give an over view of changing crime pattern and cause for emergence of new crime pattern, and different aspects influencing in crime and criminal type which is also effecting in change of criminal profile. Required data's and literature is from secondary sources, moreover this study concerned with elaborating the changing criminal profile and evil effects of heinous crime on victims and their family.

In India both organized and unorganized sectors co-exists in all sectors. This division is clearly visible in retail sector also since 2005 onwards. The organized retail shops operate in each and every city. It is said that the overhead expenses of the organized retailers are less burdensome compared to the unorganized retailers. The same is the case with the payment of taxes. Government of Maharashtra abolished Octroi and introduced Local Body Tax last year. This paper is about the implementation of LBT, its impact on unorganized local traders and concerns of the local bodies.

Bettakuruba belongs to Kuruba origin and also belongs to Dravidian origin. Though the economic, social, religious, wedding ceremony and other culture of this Bettakuruba are similar to Jenukuruba, we can find differences. 'Balu' culture of this community is a unique one. This community is facing infrastructure facilities, poverty, malnutrition, unemployment problems. In addition to this, forest act leads to their life miserable they are in cross road. Who will bear responsibility to provide shelter to them? What is the way to improve their life?, these questions rising in mind. Answers are with us. Here is small effort to find answer.

Frustration is a human emotion that occurs in situations where one's goals remain unreachable indefinitely. Frustrating situations occur recurrently throughout the life. This study aimed to investigate the significant difference between scheduled caste/ scheduled tribe and upper caste students on mode of frustration. The sample of the study has comprised of 345 students including 189 boys (upper caste=124 and SC/ST=65) and 156 girls (upper caste=114 and SC/ST=42) from different Higher Secondary Schools of Jammu Province. To test hypothesis t-test was used. A Significant difference was found between SC/ST and upper caste students on frustration dimensions. SC/ST students were found higher on Extra-Aggressive (E-A) and obstacle-Dominance (O-D) dimensions, whereas upper caste students were found higher on Ego-Defense (E-D), Need-persistence (N-P), Intra-Aggressive (I-A), Imaggression (M-A) and Group conformity Rating (GCR) dimensions of frustration.

Decentralised governance has been seen as an important platform that facilitates better decision-making at the level of local government. It is also an experiment in the devolution of powers to the government at the regional level by different countries, particularly developing ones, such as India, where the decentralisation experiment has been termed successful (Besley et al. 2006)3. Despite the 73rd constitutional amendment and the successful implementation of decentralisation measures in India, governance and service delivery at the local level have suffered from several problems; of them, elite capture and corruption are important, although they are not specific to India. Many developing countries that have embraced decentralised governance at the village level have been experiencing these problems, particularly that of elite capture in local governance, which has adverse implications on decision making, delivery of services to the poor, and inclusive growth.

Rural Tanks are traditional water storage systems mostly built in all semi-arid and tropical regions of India. These may be a small or large, system or non-system, governmental or zamindhari. They are estimated to be around 2,00,000 in the country. Rural tanks help to maintain ecological maintenance and improve environment. They are fed by their own watersheds but some have supplies augmented from neighbouring basins. Especially for the purpose of irrigation, domestic, flood management and drought mitigation. In some places rural tanks cater to afforestation, shelter for birds (birds sanctuary) and fisheries. But the rural tanks in all regions are situated for the purpose of ground water recharge.

Till now, claims for the mental profits of physical activity have had a tendency to go before strong proof. Intensely, enthusiastic impacts of activity stay confounding, both positive and negative impacts being accounted for. Consequences of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are more reliable in demonstrating that vigorous activity preparing has stimulant and anxiolytic impacts and secures against unsafe results of anxiety. Subtle elements of each of these impacts stay indistinct. Energizer and anxiolytic impacts have been showed most plainly in subclinical issue, and clinical requisitions stay to be abused. Cross-sectional studies connection activity propensities to insurance from destructive impacts of anxiety on physical and mental wellbeing, yet causality is not clear. In any case, the example of proof recommends the hypothesis that practice preparing enrolls a methodology which presents persevering strength to push. This perspective permits the impacts of activity to be seen regarding existing psychobiological learning, and it can along these lines give the hypothetical base that is required to guide future research around there. Clinically, practice preparing keeps on offering clinical clinicians a vehicle for nonspecific restorative social and mental courses of action.

१९७५ नंतर मराठी साहित्यात ग्रामीण,दलित,स्त्रीवादी व आदिवासी हे साहित्यप्रवाह निर्माण झाले. ग्रामीण साहित्य हा प्रवाह १९६० नंतर जास्त चर्चिला गेला. ग्रामीण जीवनाचे चित्रण कथा,कादंबरी बरोबरच कवितेतहोऊ लागले.

The purpose of this study was to make survey of awareness and attitude of CBSC Board School Children's toward the selected government health programme. The sample of the present study was drawn from CBSE Board school children's of Allahabad and Gurgaon district with the mean age of 17 (±2). Aquestionnair based study was conducted. The questionnaire comprised of 30 questions covering six government health programmes: (a) National Anti Malaria Programme (b) National Aids Control Programme (c) National Programme for Control of Blindness (d) Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) programme (e) Universal Immunization programme, (f) National Family Welfare Programme. The percentile method was used in the analysis of the results. The majority of the respondents were positive it was hypothesized the most of school children's were aware and had a positive attitude towards Government Health Programmes.

Insurance is now an inevitable part of every life. Life Insurance Corporation is a leading organization offering various insurance policies to cater the insurance needs of people in India. It is the largest insurance company in India with an estimated asset value of 1560481.84 Crore. As of 2013 it had total life fund of Rs.1433103.14 crore with total value of policies sold of 367.82 lakh that year. The object of the present paper is to study the perception of LIC customer and to analyze the customer satisfaction level towards the services provided by LIC

The purpose of the study was to see the impact of age and sports participation on self-esteem of adolescent boys. Total 200 adolescent boys were selected from various public schools of New Delhi where 100 boys have participated in sports and 100 boys have not participated in sports. Rosenberg Self Esteem Inventory (Rosenberg, 1965) was used as a criterion measure for self-esteem. Mean, Standard Deviation, and Two-Way ANOVA were employed as statistical techniques for computation of Selfesteem of school boy students. Results revealed that boys who have participated in sports have higher self

Generally the land use pattern indicates the way in which the land area used under various circumstances. The pattern of land use of a country at any particular time is determined by the combination of economic and institutional framework. Hence, the land use pattern and the trends during years will help to suggest the scope for planned shift in the pattern. The analysis regarding trend of land use in India during the period 1990-91 to 2010-11 are as follows.

Alkaliphililic bacteria were isolated from the soil and water samples collected from lonar lake area which is a natural alkaline environment. Different media were used for isolation pH of the media was adjusted at 10.5. Isolates were screened for lipolytic activity on butter fat agar. Lipolytic activity of five alkaliphilic isolates was confirmed by using tributyrin agar medium . Amongst the isolates C1ps showed maximum lipolytic activity after 36 hours of incubation. Diameter of the zone of lipolysis noted was 26mm.

The basis of this research is to study the impact of stress on the organizatoinal role of the employees. In this, the survey of employees of various Public sector banks are taken and segregate the employees on the basis of gender, seniority level and age groups. The objective is to determining the relationship between different types of role stress. In this research, the primary data has been collected. The study has been organized in three parts, the first is the introduction of the topic and reasearch methodology. The second part presents the theoritical construct of stress which examines the relationship between stress and performance. And the third focusses on the statistical analysis of the data, presents result and summarizes the study

Portfolios are constructed with equities so that the risk can be hedged. This paper studies how to construct the optimal portfolio using Sharpe Single Index Model. The study helps to analyze the risk and return of 34 selected private and public sector banking stocks which are part of CNX 500 as Market Index. The CNX 500 companies are disaggregated into72 industry indices viz. CNX (CRISIL NSE INDEX) Industry Indices. For the purpose of analyzing risk characteristics of both private and public banking stocks, the Standard Deviation (total risk) is calculated and for analyzing return characteristics of stocks, the daily mean return is calculated. The findings of the study helps to select a set of scrip's for aggressive or moderate investors which provides the highest/reasonable rate of return for the lowest/moderate risk that the investor is willing to take. Besides the investor has to decide how much to invest in each scrip.

In the present research work, an attempt has been made to examine the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of migrants in various types of migration-streams in Aligarh city. The study is based on the primary data collected from the field work by the direct questionnaire to the respondents in city. It can be inferred from the analysis of the study that among the in-migrants, the proportion of migration of Muslims has been distinctly more economic motivated than Hindus and other religious groups while among out-migrants, the ratio of Muslims and Hindus is more or less same in economic migration from the city. The literacy level is highest among the return-migrants and lowest in the inmigrants, particularly in rural migrants. In all types of population the ratio of non-workers among females is much higher than among males. In migration-streams, step-migration due to economic causes is greater than those due to social causes because social migration has been recorded only up to two steps but in economic motivated migration some migrants have moved up to four steps or more. Moreover, economic migration among males is up to four steps or more but among females it is exclusively confined to the second step. The economic motivated migration of both males and females has been over much longer distance than that caused by social factors. The ratio of males is much higher than females in longdistance return-migrants whereas in short-distance migration the trend gets reversed.

Diversity is a fundamental aspect of our world and we live in a world with an abundant array of diversity. It is evident in people, the environment, and all forms of life. the world seem smaller and increased the interaction between people from different cultures with the advancements in technology . The world's economy has become increasingly globalized, fueling the rapid expansion of immigration to industrialized countries over the last 60 years.

Government is the foundation of every community and it is essential that it work in an effectual manner to ensure that the public interest of the community is duly met with sustainable growth and progress of the country as a whole. India is a developing country and has complete potential of becoming a global super power but this progress is being retarded by the ineffectivecentral governing system due to expansive geographical terrains and decentralized government.This can be rectified through adoption of e-governance initiatives across all the levels of the governance both at center and state levels. E-governance has started showing positive results in the developing economy of India. This indicates towards progressive stimulus of the e-governance. This paper has explored the e-governance prospects in the diverse community setup of India especially in the purview of social and political implications and has identified how it has implicated the social and political fabric of the Indian society and transformed it from its conventional deep rooted characteristics.

Background – As per the existing policy, the subsidiary under the Rural Sanitation Programme is given to the people below the poverty line for construction of individual household latrines. This Programme is implemented by Panchayat Raj system. This specific Programme was undertaken to cater the basic needs and requirements of Rural Poor. The major purpose of the study is to obtain a comprehensive assessment of the sanitation programe implemented in rural area. This study is conducted in Bailhongal Taluk of Belgaum District in Karnataka State. This is the one among most backward talukas, identified by the High Powered Committee under D.M.Nanjudappa to study the functionality of infrastructure facilities in Karnataka. Objectives – to analyze the perception of Rural People towards Sanitation and utilization of Programmes, and to study the gaps in implementation of programme and asses the effectiveness of the Programme. Methods - The whole study is based on primary data. Field work was carried out with personal interviews. The study also includes analysis of secondary data. Results- The findings of the study show that, the impact of the Programme has succeeded in promoting socio-economic status of the beneficiary households than non beneficiary households. Analysis of their perception revealed that, the selection process is not fair and it would marginalize people who should be the beneficiaries. Lack of proper information about the programme is critically important factor. Conclusion- An attempt is made to put forth some suggestion for the use of policy makers, planners and administrators for future reconstruction of welfare and development Programmes.

Tourism sector is one of the emerging service sectors of the Indian economy. This sector has the capacity to create large scale employment both direct and indirect, for diverse sections in society, from the most specialized to unskilled workforce. Indian tourism has vast potential for generating employment and earning large sums of foreign exchange besides giving a fillip to the country's overall economic and social development. The State of Tamilnadu is situated in the southern part of the Indian Peninsula has over 20 centuries of cultural heritage of historic significance. It has an impressive coastline along the Bay of Bengal over 1000 kms. Tamilnadu can be said to be a multi-dimensional tourist product. Subsequently only to the pilgrimage and heritage locations in Tamilnadu comes the scenic beauty of nature in around the state in the form of temple towns, historical monuments, wildlife and bird sanctuaries, hill resorts, waterfalls, beaches, breathtaking valley views, backwaters, mangrove forests, numerous places of worship, historical forts, rich heritage and culture, music and dance festivals comprise the tourism wealth of Tamil Nadu. The study deals with the tourism potential of Tamilnadu state and to identify the various tourist places of Tamilnadu. The study will suggests to take necessary steps to develop of various tourism spots by Tamilnadu state tourist developers. Based on the study, it could be concluded that the state has rich tourism resources for the tourists visiting in India.

The empowerment of women refers to providing the necessary rights and responsibilities to women in order to make them self-reliant. Traditionally, Indian women have been brought to become workers or servants to serve the man – dominating world. Even in mythology, there is no gender equity and women were deprived of their legal rights, to get property, education privacy, social status and they were never treated as participants in any developmental works.

The problem of child labour is a deep socio-economic problem faced by almost all countries of the world. It, however, is a serious problem mostly of the developing as well as under developing countries. Infact, children particularly from low-income countries are being exploited on the global market for monetary gains. This problem also is a big social problem in India as India still falls under the category of developing nations. Various studies have made it very clear that a large number of children in India are used as labours at a very early stage of their life. Most of these children are not aware of the rights and privileges available for them as they are not covered by the educational schemes of the government. Poverty and illiteracy among the parents of these children are considered as the root cause of this problem. Therefore, we need to focus more and more on these problems in order to check the prevalence of child labour in india.

-“For in India a man is not scavenger because of his work. He is a scavenger because of his birth, irrespective of the question whether he does scavenging or not” Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Despite laws abolishing the inhuman practice of manual scavenging, over a million of dalits in 'superpower India' are caught in a vortex of severe social and economic exploitation. Cleaning and carrying head loads of human excreta, these 'night soil' workers are condemned to live a daily life of filth and indignity which is a curse not only on those involved in this practice but on the country. They are exposed to the most virulent forms of viral and bacterial infections that affect their skin, eyes, limbs, respiratory and gastro-intestinal system. Manual Scavenging is not only a violation of human rights but also a disgrace to human dignity and humanity at large. It's a crime against humanity.

DISASTER is defined as 'Catastrophic situation' in which the normal pattern of life or ecosystem has been disrupted and extra-ordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives and or the environment'(Ministry of Home Affairs, 2011).Floods are the most common and widespread of all natural disasters. India is one of the highly flood prone countries in the world. Around 40 million hectares of land in India is prone to floods as per National Flood Commission report. Floods cause damage to houses, industries, public utilities and property resulting in huge economic losses, apart from loss of lives. Though it is not possible to control the flood disaster totally, by adopting suitable structural and non-structural measures the flood damages can be minimized. For planning any flood management measure latest, reliable, accurate and timely information is required. This is an attempt to explain how and to what extent flood Disaster Managemental Strategy may be taken under implementation and identifying the causes of flood and its effectiveness in Maynaguri C.D Block in Jalpaiguri District and its management technique to minimize the damage.

Islam entered Karnataka in the 7th century A.D. soon after its propagation in Arabia as Arabs were trading at the ports of Karnataka like Mangalore, Bhatkal and few others. The Persian ruler KhusruII established diplomatic relations with King Pulikesi-II of the Chalukyas of Badami (535 - 757 A.D.). Some of the Arabs had settled on the West Coast of Karnataka and inscriptions speak of them as Tajjikas. The Rashtrakutas (757-1000 A.D.) had a Tajjika governor at Konkan as testified by Sanjan plates and Arab travellers also speak of Muslim settlements in the major commercial centres of the Rashtrakuta Empire. Their guild called Hanjamana (Anjuman) is mentioned in the records of the Kadambas of Goa, Alupas of Dakshina Kannada and Vijayanagara rulers. This guild Hanjamana was part and parcel of every town assembly. Islam also became popular in Karnataka during the Vijayanagara period (1346- 1565 A.D.), as the empire employed Muslim soldiers, and all towns and villages in the empire had 1 Muslim residents as testified by Barbosa.

Every human being wishes to live in harmony with oneself and the environment. The modern life-style and the physical and emotional demands have made people in modern times suffer from physical and mental tension such as stress, anxiety, insomnia etc. and there is an imbalance in physical activity and proper exercise. As such, methods and techniques of improving and attaining health---- physical, mental and spiritual---- are of great importance. Yoga---- derived from the root 'yuj'---- means union or merger. The merger of soul with God and the experience of oneness with Him is meant by yoga. Yoga is both an art and science. The science of yoga is the science of cosmos. Yoga is the art of living and yogic practices---- a scientific procedure. Yoga exercises have holistic effect and bring body, mind, consciousness and soul into balance and thereby assist us in coping with everyday demands, problems and worries.

The present study deals with the evaluation of germination success of seeds of the important crops plant wheat (Triticum vulgare L. var. UP 303) and soybean (Glycine max L. var. PK 262) grown in normal soil and in soil mixed with verifying amounts of ash. Observation were made the on morphological and physiological changes in the seedlings of wheat crop under the influences of aqueous extract of fly ash. In view of reduction germination percentage, root and shoot growth, it can be concluded that fly ash as such being highly enriched with various elements is not an ideal medium for the establishment of the seedling and growth of the crops .However , when mixed with soil at relatively low rate up to 2.5 and 5% , it may accelerate and speed up the germination process and crop growth establishment

R.K. Narayan is one of the popular and greatest Indian writers in English. He is the winner of the prestigious Sahitya Academy Award for his novel entitled 'The Guide'. As a writer, he has written number of novels, short stories and sketches. His novels can be classified as under.

This paper aims to assess the determinants and to predict the relationship of firm specific factors with the efficiency and productivity of Indian banking sector. We apply 2 stage non parametric operation research based Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques to assess the performance of Indian banking sector and further we evaluate the association of bank specific factors with the efficiency of banks using TOBIT regression model. The cross section data from scheduled commercial banks operating in Indian banking for the period of 2000-2010 is applied to assess efficiency and productivity of banks.

This paper has been attempt analyze to Economic Analysis of drinking water availability using Willingness to pay and Wavelet Analysis. Improving the adequacy and quality of water supplies is a priority for rural development in the state. Since Independence India has a significant progress in various sector of rural development Efforts have been made to bring about rapid and sustainable Development and socio-economic transformation in rural India. With An integrated approach towards improving the quality of life of rural people and ensuring equity and effective people participation.Rural water supply is a state subject the state government have been implementing the rural Water supply programme under the state sector minimum needs programme. Maharashtra was the first state in India to come out with a white paper on Drinking water supply. The govt. of Maharashtra has implemented various schemes for improving the water supply. Apart from government agencies, World Bank, German development bank and other NGOs are actively involved in implementing water supply scheme in rural area in Maharashtra. In Maharashtra state major portion of land comes under drought prone area and the solapur is one of the districts of drought prone area of Maharashtra. The average rainfall is not more than 450 mm per year. Because of high temperature throughout the every year the district suffers from lack of availability of water for drinking as well as agriculture purpose. Drinking water availability and access to safe potable water have been an area of deep concern mainly due to the multifarious challenge these pose in managing and ensuring a sustainable supply for the fast growing population. In many part of rural area Availability of potable water has a direct relationship with health indicators. The existence of source of drinking water in rural area is one of the most important indicators of Development that reflect the economic prosperity of a village.. This paper summarizes the findings of the 2010-13 investigation of determinants of rural demand in selected block of Solapur District.

Education is a very important Component of Society. It is the keystone of all the Socioeconomic and Cultural developments in every society. In fact, the level of education reflects the Sociocultural prosperity of every society & culture. The history of education in ancient India began with teaching of traditional elements such as Indian religions, Indian mathematics, Indian logic at early Hindu and Buddhist centres of learning such as Taxila (in modern ) and Nalanda (India) before the common era. Islamic education became ingrained with the establishment of the Islamic empires in the Indian subcontinent in the middle ages while the coming of the Europeans later bought western education to colonial India.

पर्यटन उद्योग मूलत:सेवा प्रदान करने वाला उद्योग है| प्रत्येक ग्राहक व्यय की तुलना में अपनी संतुष्टि को महत्व देता है| पर्यटक मनोरंजन एवं अमोद प्रमोद के उद्देश्य से विभिन्न पर्यटक स्थलों का भ्रमण करता है| वह जहाँ भी भ्रमण के लिए जाता है वहाँ से सुखद व रोमाचंक क्षणों की उपलब्धि व अनुभूति को प्राप्त करना चाहता है लेकिन यदि उसे विपरीत घटक प्राप्त होते है तो पर्यटक हतोत्साहित होता है|

-Indian cinema has produced many classics. In its illuminated history it has produced varied movies of varied genres taking up issues like peasant hardships under a semi-feudal set up, corruption, crime, morality, urban life and its experience for different classes and many other issues which can never be summarized in such a small paper. Though there have been movies on different issues, we do find an overarching presence of romance. Contrary to the prevalent society romance keeps an interesting presence in movies. However romance in movies is never smooth as it faces hurdles from the established society. But it is interesting that though we find hurdles of different kinds, the most interesting hurdle of caste is all but missing. Caste does not figure as a barrier in lover's romance in movies and therefore intercaste marriages remain perplexingly absent. Of the most important hurdles we find villains, old familyfeuds, patriarchal family set up among others but never caste. The more prevalent in Indian cinema, particularly in 1970s-80s, has been the lovers transgressing rich-poor barrier. This is even more paradoxical because as and when love marriages do take place in society, these are obviously not the cross-class marriages. It will be evident if we look at any matrimonial advertisement where the caste column is marked as 'caste no bar', though even this is rare, makes clear reference to preferred salary/status of the bride/groom.

The method of evaluating and documenting the job performance of an employee is referred to as Performance Appraisal. Performance appraisal can have a great effect, positive as well as negative, on levels of employee motivation and satisfaction. Performance Appraisal is used for various reasons like as the basis for employment decision (promotion, transfers, etc), to provide feedback about employee performance, to clarify the goals and objective of the organization, etc. Performance appraisal provides employees with recognition for their work efforts and also acts as a source of job satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of the performance appraisal on an individual as well as the organization.

India has been making agonizingly slow improvements in its literacy rate. Many regions of the country, including large states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh have unconscionably high levels of illiteracy. One of the interventions the government uses to try to correct this problem is by making sure kids go to school and stay in school long enough to get a basic education. Dropout is a universal phenomenon of education system in India, spread over all levels of education, in all parts of the country and across all the socio-economic groups of population. The dropout rates are much higher for educationally backward states and districts. Girls in India tend to have higher dropout rates than boys. Similarly, children belonging to the socially disadvantaged groups like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have the higher dropout rates in comparison to general population. There are also regional and location wise differences and the children living in remote areas/urban slums are more likely to drop out of school. Failure to complete high school not only produces negative outcome for the individuals, but also widens the existing social and economic inequalities. In order to reduce wastage and improve the efficiency of education system, the educational planners need to understand and identify the social groups that are more susceptible to dropout and the reasons for their dropping out.

In my last column I traced the life and political career of Maulana Azad, India's leading Muslim nationalist, during .the struggle against the British. But it is above all as a visionary of the place of Muslims in India's civilisational history - and therefore in its present and its future - that Azad must be 1 remembered.

India is going through its worst political crisis as a state and as a nation. The present period is marked by misgovernance, nepotism and anarchy, with the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government under the leadership of the Congress being a mute spectator to the wanton attacks on the Hindi-speaking populace in Mumbai, and placating the feudal desires and values of Mayawati in Uttar Pradesh. On the foreign policy front the government has displayed similar tendencies, which have resulted in an erosion of our autonomy and facilitated the increase of U.S. influence and hegemony in South Asia1

There were many reform movements in India to eradicate social evils and after independence; Brahmakumaris Movement is one of its kind to spread humanity, fraternity, non-violence, simplicity, etc among human beings. Due to its valued principles and objectives, it has developed internationally. The paper provides the growth, development, objectives and activities of Brahma Kumari movement.

In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the aggression and self-confidence as related to perceived parent-child relationship of female adolescents. The sample consists of 100 subjects. Parent Child Relationship Scale (PCRS) developed by Nalini Rao,2005 and Agnihotri's Self-Confidence Inventory developed by Rekha Agnihotri,1985and Aggression Scale developed by K.M.Roma Pal ,1983 have been used to obtain scores on Self-Confidence and Aggressionas related to Parent child relationship. The results of this study indicate that femaleadolescents perceivehigh parent childrelationship which, in turn, leads to lesser aggression and high self-confidence.

The evaluation of the different thermo dynamical parameters such as isentropic compressibility, molar volume, free length, acoustic impedance, internal pressure with their excess E E values, excess velocity (u ), deviations of isentropic compressibility (? K ), excess molar volume (V ) , s m E E E excess free length (L ), excess acoustic impedance (Z ) and excess internal pressure (π ) over the entire f i range of composition have been carried out at T = (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 & 318.15) K from the measurements of ultrasonic velocity (u) and density (ρ) of pure & binary liquid mixtures of tetrahydropyran (THP) with 1-butanol. The results thus obtained are discussed for molecular interaction. The nature of these values as seen from the plots of these ultrasonic parameters with the composition range indicates presence of the intermolecular interaction between the components of molecules of the mixture. The nature of excess values conforms about the existence of the molecular association between the different components of the mixture.

The aim of the study was to find out the relation between selected anthropometrical and angular kinematics with performance of vertical jumpers.Thirty vertical jumpers were randomly selected from the various department of Guru GhasidasVishwavidayalaya (Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh who participated in high jump event during annual sports competition held in dated 25-01-14 to 29-01-2014. The age of selected male athletes were between 18 to 25 years. The digital photography was used as a technique for kinematic analysis of high jump. A standard motor driven camera, i.e. Nikon D - 100 was used to obtain photo sequences of selected moment during high jump. The selected anthropometricvariableswere standing height, weight,leg length, fore leg length and footlength.Standing height,fore leg length was measured with the help of flexible steel tape in centimeters. Foot length was measured with the help of spreading caliper in centimeters. The level of significance to check the relationship obtained by Pearson's Product Moment Correlation was set at 0.05 level of significance.The angularkinematics variables were angle of rightknee joint, angle of left Knee joint, angle of left anklejoint and angle of right ankle joint. Results revealed that the value of co-efficient of correlation of selected anthropometric variables standing height, weight, foot length, foreleg length were significant and trunk length was insignificant, whereas tabulated value for 28 degree of freedom at .05 level of significance is 0.361. The result of angular kinematics variables only two variables that is angle at right ankle and right knee joints of athlete, take movement in bar clearance has exhibited a significant relationship at the selected level of 0.05. However, other angular kinematic variables left knee joint and right ankle joint did not show any significant relationships.

Reason for this study was to figure out the mental and social help component which might conceivably lead the players towards utilizing drug abuse substances. 183 players were reviewed with a battery of surveys comprising inquiries regarding execution improvement demeanor, inspiration, compulsiveness, self-assurance and undertaking. 83 players acknowledged that they have taken banned substances, critical contrasts were found in their execution improvement state of mind. Consequence of this study recommended that mental variables assume a vital part in players' affinity to participate in drug abuse substances. This will be the obligation of mentors, games physiotherapist, sports clinicians and games authorities to guide competitors towards a positive methodology to experience the weight of any rival.

In recent years, image processing has played a vital role in day-to-day lives because of its tremendous applications. Image which is one of the multimedia data occupies much storage space and it may degrade the performance of the system. Also during the transmission, a small amount of data is transferred and hence the image cannot be sent to the proper destination, hence in order to reduce the storage space occupied by the image the compression process is utilized. Image compression is the process of reducing the storage space without degrading its content. In this review paper, an extensive review of the available literature related to the image compression especially the medical images, is presented along with the classification by utilizing an assortment of techniques. In addition a precise introduction about the image compression along with its process is presented to get acquainted with the vital information on the subject of image compression.

In the present study zooplankton occurrence and abundance were investigated from Ekruk tank, Solapur. Samples were collected bimonthly for a duration of four months in monsoon season (July to October 2012). The results showed that the occurrence of zooplanktons such as Rotifers, Copepods and Cladocerans during the investigation. Physico- chemical parameters of given water plays an important role in occurrence and abundance of zooplankton species. These environmental factors mainly affect the distribution of zooplankton species from Ekruk tank, Solapur. Our results are discussed in the light of the seasonal effect on the occurrence of zooplankton community.

-Sugar industry is one of the important agro based industry plays an important role in national economy. It is one of the largest employers of labour providing work to peoples in rural areas and their being thousands of workers throughout the nation. The workers working in sugar industry exposed to variety of occupational hazards such as excessive heat, inadequate light ,high level of noise ,excessive workload ,unsatisfactory working conditions ,higher concentration of dust particle are mainly found in various processing unit of sugar industry viz. cane yard ,mill, boiler, bagasse baling and sugar house .In present investigation randomly selected ten workers from each processing unit (section) were selected for the study of peak expiratory flow rates ,It was found that there is respiratory stress due to high concentration dust particles in the environment which affects the health status of these workers. It is necessary that genuine measures must be taken for health, protection of those workers. The suitable recommendations for the management of respiratory stress due to dust are suggested.

-In the era of Globalization technology facilitates the psychological, socio-emotional and intellectual needs of adolescents. It provides them more space, opportunities to make new friends and also to create self-identity. It helps them to develop communication skills. Availability of social media 24/7 through modern technological devices like computers and cellphones, fulfills the thirst for social interaction during adolescent years. The excess use of computers has made teenagers addicted to the social networking sites like Facebook, twitter, whatsapp and so on. These sites are brings them closer to the anonymous' friends and taking them away from their families and relations. To know about all these facts the following study was conducted, in Belgaum city which is known as the fastest growing city in Karnataka. This study reveals that the young teen age population is under the clutches of social media and technical devices. Which has far reaching effects on their life as well as their families and social relations.

Retaining top talented employees is the challenge of today's scenario and retention issues are the most critical task of today's management challenge.In order to retain the talented employees strategies are aimed at satisfying the employee needs. The literature on employee retention clearly explains that satisfied employees who are happy with their jobs and look forward to improve their organization. The benefits of recruitment are saving costs for further recruitment, improve productivity and increase profits and meet organizational goals.

-Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are essential for the Jammu & Kashmir economy in terms of output, employment generation, foreign exchange earnings and contribution in national income. The government provides a number of special facilities and incentives to these MSMEs. The incentives not only motivate entrepreneurs to setup industries but also strength the entrepreneurial base in the economy. The government offers a package of services through its specialized institutions and motivates entrepreneurs to take advantage of the various facilities and establish enterprises and generate self employment. However, the new entrepreneurs face a number of problems, an account of inadequate infrastructure facilities and other support services. In this background, the paper will highlight on the one hand the performance of MSMEs in J&K state in terms of output, employment, investment etc. and on the other the problems and issues confronted by entrepreneurs in the state.

Equal respect for persons, equality before law and common civil and political rights of citizens are central to liberalism and in different degree part of all liberal democratic States. But the existence of cultural and religious diversity in contemporary Indian societies raise obstacles and problems in implementing it as a common plat form and application. Almost every modern society includes such groups whose way of life are different from other and wish to preserve the same. But some communities norms clash with basic features of liberal democracy or leftisht philosophy.

The INFLIBNET centre is a great boon to Indian higher education system in satisfying it's introduction needs. Indian information professionals, education specialists and scientists have realized that the time has come to share the information resources and to coordinate mechanism. This has resulted in discernible change in higher education.

A comparative study of general values and clothing values of different age group was carried out. Six hundred male and female of different age groups were selected from urban and rural area of Haryana for the study. It was found out that aesthetic clothing value of adolescents is highest among the three age groups while theoretical, economic, political and religious clothing values of adults are highest. Social values of the adolescents, adults and old people are almost equal. Values are dependent on age of respondents..

Climate change is both a human rights issue and an environmental one. It has been considered under many lenses – economic, geopolitical, and developmental. However, human rights are rarely considered. Instead, they are a peripheral concern for the diplomats, researchers and policy-makers working in the climate change field. Climate change may bring rise in the sea level, extreme weather such as floods and drought, unpredictable seasons, the increasing spread of both water and vector borne.

The 'Kongu' means honey or nectar of flowers and as the present Kongu country of Tamilnadu had many stretches of forest, it would have been rich in honey or nectar of flowers and hence it came to be known as Kongu. The region of Kongu in Tamilnadu was perhaps the least populated among the historically known regions of South India. The original inhabitants of the region were tribal people. There is no way of accessing the exact dates of the settlement of various tribes in Kongu. But it is believed that the settlement of various sects of people starts from Cholas conquest in the 9th century A.D., Among the Kongu rulers, Rajakesari Vira Rajendra Thirupuvanachakravarthi ( 1207- 1256 A.D) who ruled two Kongus together. He was the last great King of Kongu- Chera family and ruled over the entire Kongu country for over 48 years. So far, nearly three hundred epigraphs of this ruler have been noticed and published from Kongu. Social condition during Vira Rajendra's days many findings can be concluded. The different clan found in the society can be known from the inscriptions. In this paper, it will be explored special aspects of social conditions of Kongu nadu during the Vira Rajendra's regime.

Children represent the most important asset and wealth of a nation. This wealth needs to the protected, nurtured and harnessed through the provision of opportunities for healthy growth and development. Child Mental Health in India will provide inspiration and practical guidelines to all those who are concerned with the care of children. Adolescent has been defined as the period of life spanning between 14-19 years. In the adolescent period one's personality is also determined. Most mental health problems diagnosed in adulthood begin in adolescence. Mental health is about positive evaluation, reality, core personality, independency, group behavior and environmental mastery. This study helps us to find the personality and mental health status and its relationship of adolescent higher secondary school students and find the ways to improve mental health. Mental Health questionnaire by Dr Jegatesh and Srivatshava, Big 5 Personality questionnaire was used in this study.

-Kinship has been called the core of social organization of a people. Kinship plays an important part in socio-cultural aspect and socio-economic affairs of all human societies. It may also be called as a constituent of human culture and social grouping. The major groupings are consanguinal kin and affinal kin. Understanding of consanguinal kin and affinal kin from linguistic point of view is very important. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the Kinship structure of Deori tribe of Assam from linguistic point of view by interpreting the kinship terminology used in their everyday life.

Lead carbonate nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical co-precipitation method from lead (II) nitrate and sodium carbonate. The formed nanoparticle is characterized by powder x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ultra-violet spectroscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confirmed the preferential growth of lead carbonate nanoparticles that width is 44.78 nm. The SEM image shows the synthesized lead carbonate show well crystallized particles with rod shaped morphology. The FTIR spectrum is used to study the stretching and bending frequencies of molecular functional groups in the sample. From UV spectrum, the band gap of lead carbonate nanoparticles is found to be 4eV.

-Sex education is widely used to depict education about reproductive system, sexual interaction and other facets of human sexual behavior. It is the procedure of gaining knowledge and developing mind-set as well as ideas about human sexual anatomy, sexual identity, sexual reproduction, reproductive health, reproductive rights and responsibilities, abstinence, family planning, human relations, closeness, gender roles, body image, sexual orientation, sexual pleasure, values, decision making, communication, dating, contraception methods and prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and birth control methods. New wave of speedy communication from all parts of the world is available in the form of internet, T.V, print and other media influencing our social system. The young generation is flooded with lots of ideas and information on sex and sexuality but there is need for authentic, genuine and meaningful and useful information. In such conditions, the media has been feeding our young and curious minds with all sorts of misinformation and wrong notions. This has led to do increase in sex related crimes, delinquency, promiscuity and other maladjustments. Therefore, there is a need to provide the adolescents with suitable information so as to enable them to cope better with changes and with life. Sex education provides healthy attitudes and information to children, adolescents and their parents, teachers, nurses and allied health workers. The paper entitled “Sex Education in India: The Best Need of Teenagers” is an attempt to know about the concept of sex education and the role of parents and teachers towards imparting sex education for teenagers.

The aim of this study was to find out the combined and isolated effects of yogic practices and yogic dieting on maximal oxygen uptake and vital capacity of obese engineering college women 2 students. 80 obese engineering college women whose BMI was above 30 kg/m were randomly selected. The subjects were assigned to four equal groups of twenty in each. The groups were assigned as Experimental Groups I (Yogic practices), II (yogic diet), III (combined) and control group respectively. Pre tests and post test scores were collected The results proved that The results presented in this study proved that there was significant influence on maximal oxygen consumption and vital capacity due to combined and isolated effects of yogic practice and yogic diet (P<0.05) The post hoc analysis revealed that combined group experimented with yogic practices and yogic diet was significantly better than isolated groups yogic practices; yogic diet group and control group in improving maximal oxygen consumption. The post hoc analysis further proved that isolated yogic practices group and combined group significantly improved vital capacity than control group. It was concluded that combined group was significantly better than isolated groups in influencing maximal oxygen uptake and vital capacity of the obese engineering college students.

India is one of the few nations in the world with a thriving tribal population in different parts of the country. There are 537 different tribal communities spread all over India. As per official data, (only) 258 tribal communities speaking about 106 different languages are notified as Scheduled Tribes. As pert the 1991 census, the tribal population is 6.77 crore comprising about 8.08 percent of the total population of the country. Madhya Pradesh has the largest tribal population with 1.54 crore, followed by Maharashtra with 0.73 crore and Orissa with 0.70 Crore. About 82 percent of the total tribal population is concentrated in central and western parts of the country whereas only 11 percent is dispersed in shall pockets in the southern states. The Paper analysis the problems and prospects of tribal women in Karnataka.

Access to healthcare requires that there is an adequate supply of health services available to a population. According to this dimension, access to healthcare is concerned with the opportunity to obtain healthcare when it is wanted and needed. The availability of healthcare resources is measured traditionally using indicators such as the number of doctors or hospital beds per unit of population. The paper has analyzed availability of the Health Workforce at Primary Health Center level in Chamarajanagara District. Thiessen Polygon Technique has been used to show the availability of Health Workforce. The ratio between various categories of health workforce such as Doctors, Staff Nurse, Junior Health Assistants and ASHA and population per lakh has been calculated. The availability of Health Workforce-Population ratio of the study area has been grouped into three categories i.e. Low, Medium and High. The proportionate ratio between health workforce and population is in disequilibrium, because the rate of increase in population is greater than that of increasing rate of health workforce.

Death is inevitable and the satisfaction with one's own life is the matter that all strive for. Thoughts or feelings associated with one's own or others death can create depression symptoms that may affect one's life satisfaction. The objectives of the study were to find out whether there exists any significant correlation between death depression and life satisfaction. The study also tried to find out whether there exist any gender difference in death depression; whether there exists any significant difference between the aged who are ill and who are not ill in death depression; and whether there exists any significant difference among the aged who stays in family, who stays alone, and who stays in old age homes in death depression. For this purpose the data were collected from 120 aged individuals by administering Death Depression Scale-Revised, Life Satisfaction Index, and Personal Data Schedule. The statistical techniques used were Correlation, the ttest, and one-way ANOVA. Pearson productmoment correlation results of the study indicated the existence of a significant negative relationship between death depression and life satisfaction. The results indicate significant difference among the old in their death depression on the basis of gender, illness, and area of stay.

-India has pre-dominantly an agrarian economy. Over 56% of the population depends on agriculture and related occupations for their livelihood. Nearly three-fourth of the population belongs tothe weaker sections, some of whom are marginal and small farmers whereas others belong to the working class. They suffer from various forms of social stigma. Thus, they are the most deprived sections in India. Several development and welfare programmes were launched since India became a 'Sovereign Republic' to ameliorate their conditions, as mandated by the Constitution. But, the beneficial impact of this is only marginal. With the introduction of economic reforms since 1980s, the plight of the weaker sections became worse as most of them were small and poor farmers.

-Iconography is the central theme of all sculptures which depicts the subjects in terms of the content of the image. It becomes more important for those cults where idol worship is a part and parcel of the religion. Among religions of Indian origin; the Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism mudra (specific gesture) is of peculiar grandness. Besides mudra, other features such as aura (radiant light around the head of a divinity), asana (posture of sitting); rituals tools like chhatra, dhwaja, swastika, dharmchakra, danda, shankh; ornaments; weapons like trishul, chakra, dhanush-vaan (bow and arrow); vehicles and seats are of special importance. In Hindu religion the symbolic use of colours is denoted as Mahabhuta (the fundamental element) and the letters and syllables from the sacred scripts as beeja are other indispensables for the iconographic relevance. Since Hindus strongly believe in the several incarnations (avatars) of lord Vishnu (the eternal god), therefore their personifications having different forms and moods ichnographically narrate their purpose. This paper intends to analyze the intending symbols in the iconography of some celebrated sculptures of Gupta age inhabited in the central Indian region.

Vocational programs offer a variety of services to prepare students with learning disabilities to become independent and functioning members of society. Vocational skills are emphasized at the elementary and secondary levels. Instructions in vocational skills and personal skills are necessary for success in future jobs for them. They face problems on the job with social relationships, such as the inability to get along with co-workers, problems with making friends or even with making conversation, as well as lack of self-confidence. Some students with learning disabilities have language disabilities that cause problems with using the telephone, conversation, following directions, or getting the gist or meaning from implications and jokes. Therefore, students with learning disabilities require a variety of skills to participate effectively in society. Effects of learning disabilities are evident in everyday kinds of work needs, such as reading manuals, writing letters, taking notes, writing cheques, completing reports, paying bills, keeping records, paying taxes and organizing time. Much of these difficulties are due to an inability to read, spell, or do basic mathematics. Everyone has the right to work, but students with learning disabilities are not always given the right opportunities to realize their potential. Vocational training needs to be diverse enough to reflect the range of occupational roles held by students who have learning disabilities. Therefore, the government should invest greater efforts in vocational aspects of inclusive education so as to enable students with learning disabilities to improve their quality of life. Hence, the paper would ponder upon the various aspects of vocational training for students with learning disabilities and would give recommendations for the same.

This paper focuses to study the status of population in India and to analyze the status of health care indicators in India. The study found that after the independence, Indian population is in increasing trend Population increases from 36.11 crores to 121.02crores in the year 2011. Average Annual Exponential Growth Rate is in increasing rate from 1.25 (1951) to 2.22 in the year 1981 and its goes on declining trend with present 1.64 percent in the year 2011. Sex ratio in India has since shown some improvement as it has increased from 927 (1971) to 944 in the year 2011.Life expectancy at birth in India has been improving with its increase from 48.84 to 65.96 in the year 2011.crude birth rate are declining from 37.92 in the year 1971 and further decline to 21 in the year 2011. And crude death rates also declined from 15.9 to 7.9 percent in the same period. Maternal Mortality Ratio has reduced from 560 per 100000 live births in 1990 to178 per 100000 live births in 2011 (SRS), a reduction of 482 points over a twenty year period or 24 points per year on an average. Infant mortality rates in India going on decreasing line in the year 1971 IMR is 129/1000 and it declined to 44/1000 in the year 2011. And child mortality rate also declined from 57.3 to 13.1 in the same year. Total fertility rates have declined from 5.4 percent to 2.5 percent in the period from 1971 to 2011.the targets for fertility is 2.1 while 21 states and UTS have already achieved the replacement level.

This article discusses how there exist a symbiotic relationship between Santals and forest further how changing access to nature impacted an adivasi people. This paper explores how their access to nature gradually diminished under colonial rule through governmental policies and restriction of the forests to the indigenous population. This paper shows that how jungle is integral part of Santal lives and their social, cultutal, religious and economic activities revolves in and around the forest only

-Travel literature is a complex genre including autobiography, photography and reportage, which provides insights into the places visited. Travel writing has been an important domain, especially for understanding the West's relationship with the non-Western countries and cultures. Travelers seek to re-present destinations, to examine and modify the existing discourses of the metropolitan center.

-Objective: Obesity and overweight are an increasingly prevalent nutritional disorder among children and adolescents in the world. Recent data on South Indian School children showed that overweight percent has increased from 4.3percent in 2003 to 6.5 percent in 2005. The current study undertook to assess the prevalence of overweight/obesity among adolescents in the age of 11-15 years in Salem District, Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at the Salem block in Salem District. Cross sectional data were collected during the period of August, 2013. Multi stage stratified random sampling technique was adopted. Totally 1898 school adolescents in the age group of 11+ to 15 years; 1393 were boys and 505 were girls were participated and their anthropometric measures include height (cm), weight (kg), waist and hip circumference (cm) were measured. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) were calculated. Overweight and obese adolescents were identified based on their BMI using CDC classification (2000). Results: Overall prevalence of overweight/obesity was 12.11%. Prevalence of overweight/obesity in girls (14.65%) was higher than in boys (11.19%) (OR- 1.06; 95% CI= 0.94-1.20). The higher prevalence of overweight/obese adolescents belongs to the age group of 14 years (13.17%) in boys and 13 years (18.26%) in girls. Conclusion: Prevalence of overweight/obesity was increasing in developing countries among school going adolescents; the highest significant relation was observed between weight and BMI because of increased adipose tissue and overall body weight in children during puberty age.

The rupee's is directly linked to the amount of US dollars available in the Indian Market. India receives dollars in three ways: through exports, through foreign investments into India, and through NRI remittances into India.When the rupee depreciates against the dollar, it simply means value of the Indian currency has gone down relatively against the greenback. Theoretically currency movements should be driven by the economic fundamentals and progress of the economy. But modern communication systems and globalization have made active management of large funds easy which in turn has increased the short-term currency fluctuation. This short-term currency fluctuation (upward or downward) is not good for business and hence central banks in many countries allowed controlled currency movements by actively intervening from time to time. Here, the RBI smoothen the short-term currency fluctuations by buying/selling dollars in the market. This paper explains the position of the Indian rupee against dollar, reasons for the weakening rupee, The impact of rupee-dollar fluctuation on Indian economy, The RBI and the Indian Govt. have to play their role to tackle this situation

The plane wave solutions of the field equations R ij =0 five dimensional Space-time V5 with three time axes for general theory of relativity are given by g ij satisfying Nrab + Msab = 0 , a,b =1,2.3,4,5. Which further breaks into r + s = 0, w ab w ab 0, f1rab + f1sab = 0, f2rab + f2sab = 0 f3rab + f3sab = , 0 f4rab + f4sab = where 5 1 1 , , Z Z f = , 5 2 2 , , Z Z f = , 5 3 3 , , Z Z f = , 5 4 4 , , Z Z f = 1 2 3 1 4 2 3 w = f x = f y + f z + f t + f t + t a a [ ] 2 1 rab = -fafbL2 + farb + fbra , [ 2 ( ) 2 ] 4 1 sab = -rab + fafbL1 - L2 farb + fbra + rarb If Z is independent of the variable y the work regarding the plane wave Solutions in five dimensional space-time V5 having three time exes demonstrated in the paper refer it to Thengane (2003) can be deduced.

Development is a process of structural change in the economic, political, social and cultural domains. It starts with people as they are the primary and ultimate focus of all development. It empowers women through Open and Distance Learning, historically explores the causes and reasons for long denial of formal education to women. In recent times, Distance Education has emerged as a boon to women of all ages to equip themselves intellectually through acquisition of knowledge, leading them to new radical methods of thinking, and alternative, lateral perspectives on existing information thus rendering them more autonomous and liberated. Distance education is a global and rapidly growing phenomenon which offers formal learning opportunities to people who would not otherwise have access to schooling or college education. Teachers and students are separated by physical distance and the means by which they communicate, range from basic print material and the use of postal services to highly sophisticated communication technologies. The special characteristic of open and distance learning is that it is endowed with high flexibility and can meet the demands of education for all and continuing education which the conventional education system is unable to meet. This paper reviews aspect of gender and distance learning in India, barriers affecting women advancement in academia, impact of open and distance learning on women learners, technologies for improving distance learning and limitations of distance learning technologies.

The Streptomyces are Gram positive prolific group of actinomycetes. They are filamentous structure, strict aerobes, lack cross wall. Streptomyces are widely distributed in a variety of natural and manmade environments. The present research carried out to search antimicrobial activity produced by Streptomyces against different pathogens. Total three rhizospheric soil samples under cultivation Curcuma longa L. were collected from the villages around Barshi Dist- Solapur. Five isolates were identified as Streptomyces with the help of MICRO-IS software. Total five Streptomyces isolates were tested for their antimicrobial activity with the help of primary screening and agar overlay technique against Bacillus megaterium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Candida albicans and Penicillium chrysogenum. Streptomyces roseus showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens except C. albicans. Streptomyces filipinensis showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens except Aspergillus niger. Antimicrobial substance produced from both of these Streptomycetes will be used to prevent human and plant bacterial and fungal diseases caused by these tested pathogens to some extent.

In this study the relationship between earning patterns and stock pricing and earning quality of the listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) have been studied. Earning patterns include profit stability, earning predictability and income smoothing. Sample of the study involve 430 listed firms inTSE, bud due to limitations of the study 98 of them have been selected for the period of 1999 to 2009.Results show a significant relationship among pricing models, earning quality and earning patterns (stability and redictability), but there is no significant relationship among income smoothing and earning quality and pricing models. In this paper some models have been recommended to predict and measure the intrinsic value stock of listed firms in TSE.

14 नवम्बर को बाल दिवस के रूप में प्रत्येक वर्ष मनाया जाता है जिसके अन्तर्गत बालकों के विकास के लिए विभिन्न प्रकार के कार्यक्रम आयोजित किये जाते हैं,परन्तु वास्तविकता में बाल श्रमिकों की संख्या में दिनोदिन बढ़ोत्तरी होती जा रही है और बदलाव के नये आयाम वास्तविकता में परिलक्षित नहीं हो रहे हैं| प्रस्तुत अध्ययन बाल जीवन , उनके श्रम के साथ ही साथ उनके सम्पूर्ण जीवन के विभिन्न पहलुओं , परिस्थितियों तथा बदलाव का अध्ययन करता है तथा उन पहलुओं पर भी प्रकाश डालने का प्रयास करेगा जो अभी तक अछूते हैं ।

Groundwater is one of the most impotent natural resources. Groundwater has become a necessary resource over the past decades due to the increase in its usage for drinking, water supply, irrigation and industrial uses etc. Groundwater resources are now facing threats due to anthropogenic activities. The groundwater quality is equally important as that of quantity. Mapping of spatial variability of groundwater quality is of vital importance and it is particularly significant where groundwater is primary source of potable water. Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for the spatial analysis and it is a powerful tool for representation and analysis of spatial information related to water resources. The major water quality parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids, Total hardness, Sulphates and Calcium have been analysed. The spatial variation maps of these groundwater quality parameters were derived and integrated through GIS. The final integrated map shows three priority classes such as High, Medium and Low groundwater quality zones of the study area and provides a guideline for the suitability of

“Empowering women” aims to inspire women with the courage to break free from the chains of limiting belief patterns and societal or religion conditioning that have traditionally kept women suppressed and unable to see their true beauty and power.”

Fifty two (52) random samples of buffalo dairy products included (28) cream samples and (24) soft cheese samples ,collected from Baghdad city markets to be examined microbiologically to demonstrate the types and percentage of gram positive bacteria in these two important product that produced in farmers houses . Results revealed that the cheese samples were contaminated with Gposative bacteria (68%) and G-negative (32%). Percentage of contamination of cream samples with Gposative and G-negative bacteria included : 63.01% , 36.98% respectively . Enterobacteriacae spp. in cheese samples was (87.5%), and (70.3%) in cream samples, non-Enterobacteriacae spp. also were in both types of dairy products (12.5% in cheese and 29.6% in cream). these may introduced to dairy products from milk of infected udder or from contamination during its production. G-positive include one isolate(2%) Staphylococcus.sciuri , three isolate (6%) Staphylococcus.chromogenes , one isolate (2%) Staphylococcus.haemolyticus , eleven isolate (23.91%) Streptococcus.uberis in cream , in addition to one isolate (2%) Gemella.morbillorum , five (10%) Gardnerella.vaginalis and four (8.69%) Kocuria kristinae .while in cheese samples the isolates were: three isolate (5.88%) Staphylococcus aureus, six isolate (11.76%) Staphylococcus chromogenes , three isolate (5.88%) Staphylococcus haemolyticus, four isolate (7.84%) Streptococcus uberis and Kocuria.varians one isolate (1.96%) . the presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in samples were : in cream E. faecalis eight isolate (16%),E.casseliflavus two isolate (4.34%),E.gallinarum nine isolate (19.56%) ,and one isolate (2%) E.durans , in Cheese Enterococcus faecalis eighteen isolate (35.29%), Enterococcus casseliflavus seven isolates (13.72%), Enterococcus gallinarum five isolates (9.8%), Enterococcus cecorum four isolates (7.84%) .the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in cheese indicated a health problems for consumers while the occurrence of Gemella.morbillorum and Gardnerella.vaginalis in buffalo cream samples was reported for the first time in Iraq . More studies were needed to lay the lights on the microbial composition of LAB and non LAB contaminated bacteria of Iraqi buffalo cheese and cream by using more precise and rapid identification techniques, in order to improve the quality of these products and protect the consumers from the infections.

14 नवम्बर को बाल दिवस के रूप में प्रत्येक वर्ष मनाया जाता है जिसके अन्तर्गत बालकों के विकास के लिए विभिन्न प्रकार के कार्यक्रम आयोजित किये जाते हैं,परन्तु वास्तविकता में बाल श्रमिकों की संख्या में दिनोदिन बढ़ोत्तरी होती जा रही है और बदलाव के नये आयाम वास्तविकता में परिलक्षित नहीं हो रहे हैं| प्रस्तुत अध्ययन बाल जीवन , उनके श्रम के साथ ही साथ उनके सम्पूर्ण जीवन के विभिन्न पहलुओं , परिस्थितियों तथा बदलाव का अध्ययन करता है तथा उन पहलुओं पर भी प्रकाश डालने का प्रयास करेगा जो अभी तक अछूते हैं ।

भांडवली खात्यावरील रूपयाच्या परिवर्तनीयतेच्या प्रक्रीयेचा सर्वांगीण विचार केल्यास दिसून येते की,भारतासाठी रूपयाची परिवर्तनीयता ही आर्थिक विकासाच्या दृष्टीने अत्यावश्यक बाब नाही. परंतु जागतिकीकरणाच्या प्रक्रीयेत ते नक्कीच एक आवश्यक पाऊल आहे.परंतु कोणत्याही पूर्वतयारीशिवाय ही परिवर्तनीयता करणे भारतासाठी गंभीर धोकेदायक ठरु शकते. श्री.एस.एस.तारापोर समितीच्या प्रमुख तीन अटींचा विचार केल्यास भारताजवळ आज परकीय चलनाची पुरेशी गंगाजळी उपलब्ध आहे.

स्वास्थ्य मानव के लीये एक आवश्यक तत्त्व है, क्योकि स्वाथ्य पर ही उसकी समस्त गतिविधियाँ निर्भर करती है| एक अच्छा स्वास्थ्य ही व्यक्ति समुदाय एवं जाति के विकास में सहायक होता है| किसी व्यक्ति के स्वास्थ्य को उत्तम बनाने हेतु स्वस्थ्य शिक्षा का ज्ञान आवश्यक है क्योकि अस्वस्थता की स्थिति में वह एक कुशाग्र व्यक्ति नहीं बन सकता है कि “ स्वस्थ शरीर में ही स्वस्थ मस्ती का विकास होता है| अत: राष्ट्र की उन्नती तथा विकास के पथ पर अग्रसर होने हेतु प्रत्येक नागरिक को अपने स्वास्थ्य के प्रति सावधान रहने की आवश्यक होती है|

The primary objective of the passing the 1986 Act is to protect the rights of consumers against the unfair trade practices. Any unfair practice or deceptive practice that is adopted by the traders in promoting their sales or services becomes an Unfair Trade Practice. Consumer Education helps in providing the knowledge to avoid unfair trade practices. Consumer Education helps to open the consumer eye of a person. Consumer Education at school or college level aims to educate the students to become knowledgeable and rational consumers, conscious of their needs and capable of choosing products in a relatively free and uninfluenced manner. Owing to the different aims of consumer education and the multi-disciplinary nature of the subject, the teaching methods for consumer education are of critical importance. The teacher's role is very important in consumer education

Team teaching is an approach which involves true team work between two qualified instructors who, together, make presentations to an audience. It brings number of classes together whose teaching is the joint responsibility of the teachers of these classes who constitute a team. Team Teaching is an Alternative to Lecture Fatigue. This technique is one of such innovations in instructional technology to ensure optimum use of resources, interests and expertise.

This study has been conducted to find the effect of Psycho-yogic package on level of Anxiety among widows. A sample of 120 widows, 60 widows in control group and 60 widows in experimental group was taken from Mahila Aashrya Sadan, Vrindavan, Mathura. The widows having high levels of anxiety were selected through quota sampling. The widows in the experimental group were made to do Psycho-yogic package (Pawanmuktasana part-1, Pragya yoga, Savasana, Nadishodhan pranayama and Cognitive behaviour therapy) for about 50 minutes regularly for 60 days and the widows in the control group were not administered any kind of intervention. The sample was administered Sinha's Comprehensive Anxiety Test (SCAT) constructed by A. K. P. Sinha & L.N.K. Sinha in 1995. The design used in the present study was control group design method. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and t- test were used to analysis the data. The results show that there is significant effect of Psycho-yogic package in reducing the levels of anxiety. The results were significant at 0.01 level of confidence.

Indigenous peoples of Manipur confront a diverse range of concerns associated with their status and interaction with other cultural groups, as well as changes in their inhabited environment since the colonial period. Religious, cultural, socio-economic and political institutions underwent radical transformations which eventually impacted the traditional institutions and Indigenous peoples' lives enormously. The indigenous people continue to struggle in the post colonial era over community relations and socio-economic development, ethnic conflicts (in their effort to protect their land and territory), and land disputes. The ongoing dispute on 'land rights and ownership' (between the land- owners and field- owners) among the Rongmeis residing in Tamenglong district has assumed paramount importance today. Conflicts and resistances of various kinds ranging from symbolic, armed, programmed, physical, and structural have resulted in their attempt to combat the critical situation in present times.

Sugar industry has acquired a great significance in India, Maharashtra and Marathwada. Sugar industry accounts for a huge investment of over Rs. 2,500 crores and provides employment to about five lakh rural peoples. About 5.5 million farmers are engaged in cane cultivation. The rapid growth of sugar industry in Maharashtra has helped to a very great extent in stabilizing the sugar production in the country and reducing the chronic shortage of sugar. Maharashtra produces about 40 percent of the total sugar produced in the country and rank second to Uttar Pradesh. Sugarcane is being cultivated on an area of around 35 lakh hectares with the production being around 110 lakh tones. Marathwada region has good potentials for sugarcane cultivation and development of sugar industry because the land of Marathwada is very fertile and the climate is suitable for growth sugarcane crop. Sugar industry adds to the income of the farmers, provides casual and permanent employment, helps to earn foreign exchange and also helps to develop various kinds of ancillary and by product industries. There are 173 cooperative and 18 private sugar factories in Maharashtra with a total number of 191. There were 50 cooperative sugar factories whereas 8 private sugar factories in Marathwada. One of the most hopeful developments of the last decade in the field of co-operative processing has been the rapid establishment of co-operative sugar factories in the Maharashtra State and Marathwada region.

Entrepreneurs play a significant role in economic and social development of the nation. The government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of employment generated in the enterprise to women. Women entrepreneurship are reduce the problem of employment. The self employed woman is gaining better status in their family and society. Women in India faced problems such as financial problem, dual responsibilities, competition, low level management skills, lack of knowledge of availability of the raw materials, lack of knowledge of latest technological changes, lack of installation of new machineries etc. Government of India has introduced policy measures to promote the status and a level of women entrepreneurship in the country. But unfortunately the government activities have benefited only a small number of women. So the Indian government should take efforts for development of women entrepreneurship.

Social, Legal & economic restrictions on the basic rights of women have existed throughout history and in all civilizations. Through the long line of women writers, who protested against the inequities express feminist thought. Feminist conceive of an equitable world , a world in which women and men can be equal and different. The feminist consciousness is the consciousness of victimization.In this context,I attempt to discuss how women writers depicted feminism through their novels.The term 'feminism' is Western, but the issue of patriarchal control as a juridical power in society is universal. In 'The Dictionary of Feminist Theory' Maggie Humm says about fundamental goal of feminist is 'to understand women's oppression in terms of race, gender, 'class & sexual preference &how to change 1 it.' As such the feminist principle is an 'uncompromising pledge' & an antidote to all types of exploitation & oppression of women.

Traditionally, women in Indian society suffer from various social and cultural handicaps and it is felt that unless the women are sufficiently empowered, the socio-economic development may be difficult to achieve; centuries old social practices, beliefs, attitudes and biases – against the women may be difficult to overcome in a short period of time. Education is a milestone for women empowerment as it will be used as an agent of basic change in the status of women. It was said that education is one of the most important means of empowering women with the knowledge, skills and self-confidence necessary and to ensure equal participation in the development process for economic independence. Educating women benefits the whole society women are almost half the working force and therefore must be tapped as a human resource. Women are the backbone of a society but unlike men they have a continuous proving to do – both at home and office. Women have always worked but in modern society they have the right to obtain jobs and promotions without the help or permission of men. In today's world of increased competition and over busy schedule, women are marching of equal pace with men. There is no field untouched by women. They work hard and try to maintain balance between their personal and professional life. But various factors make them lead a stressful life. These and other qualitative changes have given rise to a host of speculations about consequences on position of women both within the family and outside of it. If the wife works, does marital happiness increase or decrease, what is then her relationship with her husband? Does the working women lose the authority within the area of household? There are some of the questions that are likely to arise at the family level of the working women. A serious hassle that a working woman faces is to bring about a balance in her home life and her (working) office life. At both the places she has constantly proved, herself as exemplary housewife, a good mother, a committed employee. The present study is the initial part of the research work in which the researcher is trying to find out the reasons of stress in women. As a consequence we have seen the proliferation of dual income families where role expectations towards men and women, both in their work activities and their domestic responsibilities, have radically changed. Due to this new mix of gender equity, shifting role expectations, and family time scarcity, many women are required to find new ways to balance their professional and personal lives and also managing the increasing level of stress

प्राचीन काळापासून जगातील सर्व देशामध्ये वेगवेगळ्या शासनव्यवस्थांनी राज्य केलेले दिसते शासनव्यवस्थेचे काम म्हणजे देशातील जनतेचे संरक्षण करणे व त्याअंतर्गत सुरक्षा , बाहेरील देशाकडून होणारे आक्रमण थांबवणे , मानवी जीवित हानी टाळणे, जनतेचे जीवन सुखमय करण्यासाठी मार्ग शोधून कार्य करणे, देशातील जनतेने आपसात बळी तो कान पिळी म्हणजे सशात्तकांनी अशत्तकांना ,श्रींमंतांनी गरिबांना पिळू नये तसेच भांडणे करू नयेत यासाठी काही नियम करून (घटना) अशा यंत्रणेद्वावरे त्यावर अंकुश ठेवणे, त्यांना न्याय देणे, त्यांची प्रगती करणे.

Over a period of years we have been constructing buildings and devastating the land including the agricultural land. It has become important to conserve the land as far as possible. Earth sheltered buildings can be a significant concept to preserve the land and open spaces. Earth sheltered building is a concept in which the building is placed partially below the ground surface and the earth thus excavated building is used to insulate it including the roof. The paper attempts to bring out the advantages of earth sheltered buildings in general and energy conservation for thermal comfort in particular in quantifiable terms. It is intended to workout architectural design options and address the challenges such as ventilation and daylight etc. associated with such buildings.

The present research has been conducted to assess the health seeking behaviour of women of Jammu and to study the relationship of education with health seeking behaviour. The sample comprised of 600 women in the age range 35-65 years of Jammu, selected through random sampling technique. Health Seeking Behaviour Checklist and Socio-Economic Status Scalewereused for data collection. The results reveal that level of Health Seeking Behaviour of the respondent is high to moderate among the educated respondents whereas low among the illiterate ones. Education is positively significantly correlated with Health Seeking Behaviours like physical exercise, sound sleep, regular dental checkups, Cancer screening test, complete health checkups, hair fall, consultation regarding piles, use of fresh water, take care of medical records and watching health awareness programme on TV/Radio whereas it is negatively significantly correlated with the timings of dinner and drinking 7-8 glasses of water. Building health education into distance education module is suggested as early intervention would help in the improvement of health during later years of life.

Maharashtra, the second largest state in terms of size and population with 45% of population residing in urban areas is facing a critical challenge posed by sectoral performance of the three important sectors of the economy agriculture, industries and services. Agriculture which contributes 10% to the state gross domestic product, employs 53% of work force in the state which is an alarming situation requiring intervention in a systematic and planned phase. While employment and contribution to state gross domestic product by industrial sector is average. Much more disequilibrium is seen for services sector also, which almost contributes 60% to the state gross domestic product however employs around 20% of the total working population. This paper tries to understand this phenomenon with specific reference to agriculture's situation in the state post a decade when reforms where initiated at the centre.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the development of empowerments of entrepreneurs in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu. To achieve the purpose of the study, 570 entrepreneurs were identified as sample evenly from 19 blocks of the district by adopting the proportionate stratified random sampling method. Survey based questionnaire design was carried out as research design for this study. The ten variables of social, customer, political, banking, religious, managerial, risk taking, self-decision, intellectual and innovational empowerment were selected for this study. Collected data were subjected to statistical analysis by using one sample t test and one way ANOVA. The analysis was carried out with the help of using popular statistical package SPSS 16. The results of the study indicate that there was a significant development in the empowerments of social, customer, political, religious, risk taking and self-decision and not in others. It also reveals that among the age categories of entrepreneurs, the age category 31 – 40 have more empowerment than other age categories of entrepreneurs. This study will be relevant and significant to the entrepreneurs.

This paper examines the relationship between leverage and cost of capital due to the importance of both in firm maximizing. Rising in leverage, decreases the cost of capital till the optimum point (according to traditional trade off theory), this reduction in cost of capital increases profitability leading to increasing firm value. Sample of the study includes 79 firms from 9 different sectors of National Stock Exchange.Data analysis is done using SPSS software and other statistical methods of hypothesis testing including regression and correlation analysis. Debt to equity ratio has been used as a proxy for leverage, for cost of capital WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) has been applied. According to the results as the leverage increases the cost of capital decreases and as the leverage reduces the cost of capital rises up, this consequence is consistent with traditional trade off theory.

I brought this paper to throw light on the self discovery of Tommy Wilhelm in seize the day. This paper reflects how the hero search his real identity after falling the hard realities of life. This article also exposes how he suffered from alienation and keep himself all of from society and its people.

Finger printing technique enables the detection of DDT and HCH residues in vegetables through the development of light green and prussian violet colors respectively. Cut vegetables are pressed against o-tolidine impregnated paper (chromogenic paper) and exposed to sunlight where colored spots appear instantly. The pesticides residues of DDT and HCH were determined in 16 samples of 4 varieties of vegetable crops, taken from 4 provinces. The results showed presence results for pesticide residues in vegetable crops.

Inclusive growth refers both to the pace and pattern of growth, which areconsidered interlinked, and therefore in need to be addressed together. The inclusive growth approach takes a longer term perspective as the focus is onproductive employment rather than on direct income redistribution, as a means of increasing incomes for excluded groups. In the short run, governments could use income distribution schemes to attenuate negative impacts on the poor of policies intended to jump start growth, but transfer schemes cannot be an answer in the long runand can be problematic also in the short run. Therefore one aspect of inclusive growth is financial inclusion. The process of financial inclusion is an attempt to bring within the ambit of the organised financial system the weaker and vulnerable sections of society. Financial inclusion can be defined as the delivery of credit and other financial services at an affordable cost to the vast sections of the disadvantaged and low income groups. The various financial services include savings, credit, insurance and payments and remittance facilities. It will be wrong to classify all those who are not borrowing from the organised financial system as excluded. What is relevant is that whetherthose who need credit and who want credit from the organised system are included in the ambit of the financial system or not. The criterion for being bankable should not be interpreted narrowly to exclude the vast majority.

आदिवासी शब्द का अर्थ होता है मूल निवासी यानी इस देश समाज का मूल निवासी, लेकिन अब आदिवासी का तात्पर्य जंगलों , पहाडों में रहने वाले मानव-समूहों तक डी सीमित है| आदिवासी समाज मुखत्य: कृषि प्रधान सामाज रहा है| जल , जंगल और जमीन ही उसके जीवन का मूल आधार है , प्रकृति और आदिवासी परस्पर धुल- मिल गये है| आदिवासियों ने वन – पर्वताचलो के जीवन को आत्मासात कर लिया है, तथा अपनी स्वायत्त एवं स्वच्छंदजीवन शैली विकसित कर ली है|

नारी एक ऐसी विवशता है जो विलसिता की फिसलन भरी में तडप रही है| नारी एक ऐसि अभिव्यक्ति है जिसमे सृजन की चेतना सुषुप्त-सी रहती है | नारी की कोमल संवेदन के बिना जीवन ही नहीं, जग भी अधुरा है|इसके बदले क्या उसे केवल उत्पीड़न सहना पड़ता है|

उच्च शिक्षण : सर्व समावेशकतेपासुन कोसो दुर : ज्ञान निर्मित आणि ज्ञान विस्तार यामुळे ज्ञानधिष्ठीत समाज निर्माण होतो,पण त्यासाठी उच्च शिक्षणाचा लाभ तळागाळातील समाजाला मिळायला हवा.अनुदानीत कायम विना अनुदानीत संस्था , शासकीय व खाजगी विद्यापीठे. आपल्या कुवतीप्रमाणे त्या दृष्टीने कार्य करीत आहेत.त्यात आता अभिमत व विदेशी विद्यापीठाची भर पडलेली आहे, एकीकडे पुरेसी निधी मिळत नसला तरी अनुदानीत विद्यापीठे व महाविद्यालये मातीत पाय धट रोवुन उभी आहेत.

-Swami Vivekananda, also known as Swamiji, the founder of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission and the most devout monastic disciple of Sri Ramakrishna, was born on 12 January 1863 at Kolkata (then Calcutta) in India. He represented Hinduism at the World's Parliament of Religions at Chicago in 1893.Throughout his life, he had preached for the harmony of religions which he had learnt from his master Sri Ramakrishna. Swamiji said that it was Sri Ramakrishna who was the first person in the modern times who openly preached the harmony of religions. From his personal experiences of practising and following the paths of different religions, Sri Ramakrishna formulated his doctrine of 'sarva-dharma samanway' (harmony of religions) and described it as 'jata math tata path' (as many faiths, so many paths). Swami Vivekananda learnt these doctrines from his master and it was he who preached the doctrine of the harmony of religions to the world. Sri Ramakrishna believed that the Ultimate Reality or God is one but the different religions are the different paths to the realization of the Ultimate Reality. He further said that we should show respect to all religions because God lives in all people. So God is one but is known by various names among the followers of different religious beliefs. The three features of Swamiji's doctrine of the harmony of religions are – first, the religions of the world are not antagonistic or contradictory but complementary, secondly, one should not change one's own religious philosophy, and, thirdly, one should accept and assimilate the good elements of other religions while remaining constant to one's own faith. If anybody hopes that his or her religion will survive at the cost of other religions, to him Swamiji says, “Brother, yours is an impossible hope.”

भारत हा शेती प्रधान देश आहे . 70 टक्के जास्त लोकसंख्या शेतीवर आवलंबून आहे.भारतातील शेती मौसमी पावसावर अवलंबून आहे.अशा कृषी प्रधान देशात जल व्यवस्थापनाला अनन्य साधारण महत्व आहे. शेतीचा विकास हा पाण्यावर अवलंबून आहे . देशाच्या आर्थिक विकासात पाणी हा घटक महत्त्वाचा आहे.पाणी उपलब्धतेसाठी निसर्गावर अवलंबून रहावे लागते. जल व्यवस्थापन ही काळाची गरज आहे.? त्यातून देशाचे भवितव्य उज्वल होईल.

यह शोध लेख पंजाब में 19 वीं शताब्दी के पूर्वार्ध्द में सामाजिक ढांचे का एक लेखा – जोखा प्रस्तुत करता है|इस लेख में मुख्य रूप से महाराजा रणजीत सिंह के समय में स्थापित सामाजिक ढांचे का वर्णन किया गया है| इसमें बताया गया है कि 19 वीं शताब्दी के पृर्वार्ध्द में समाज कैसा था तथा समाज में किन – किन समुदायों के लोग रहते थे| पंजाब के इस सामाजिक ढांचे में मुख्य रूप से हिन्दू,सिक्ख व मुस्लिम के सम्बन्धों पर प्रकाश डाला गया है|

संगीत रत्नाकर में पं.शारंग देव ने ‘ संगीत’ के अन्तर्गत गीत,वाद्द तथा नृत्य इन तीनों कलाओं को सम्मिलित किया है| पहले वाद्यों का प्रयोग अधिकांशत : गायन की संगति के लिए ही होता रहा| परन्तु आधुनिक समय में वाद्यों के स्वतंत्र वादन का विकास हो चुका है|

गांधी जी एक ऐसे युगपुरुष थे जिन्होंने अपने सिद्धांतों से समग्र युग – चेतना को प्रभावित किया | सन 1920 से 1950 तक के प्राय : सभी हिंदी कवियों और साहित्यकारों की रचनाओं में गांधी विचारधारा का प्रभाव प्रत्यक्ष – अ प्रत्यक्ष रूप में परिलक्षित होता नजर आता हैं| तत्कालीन समाज राजनीति , साहित्य पर भी गांधीवाद का प्रभाव पडा हैं| हिंदी साहित्य एवं काव्य में यह प्रमुखत : दो रूपों में हमें प्राप्त होते हैं|

प्रसिध्द विचारवंत बेकन याने आपल्या एका लेखनात असे म्हटले आहे की, “Reading Makes a full man, Conference ready man and writing an exact man” खरोखरच वरील वाक्यामध्ये प्रतिपादन केल्याप्रमाणे ग्रंथाचे वाचन ही गोष्ट आपल्याला परिपूर्णतेकडे नेण्यास मदत करते.आपले वाचन जितके अधिक संमृध्द असेल तितके आपले व्यक्तिमत्त्व परीपक्व होण्यास मदत करते.

सभी जीव अपनी संतान की रक्षा करते हैं और उनके भविष्य की कामना करते हैं| सौतेली संतानों के साथ भेदभाव होने या संतानों व्दारा सत्ता कब्जा लेने के लिए बड़ो का हत्या करने जैसे बहुत उदाहरण हैं,लेकिन कोई जीव अपनी ही संतान की हत्या कर डे ऐसे उदाहरण नाममात्र ही मिलेंगे| जीव हमेशा अपनी वंश की वृद्धि करते हैं और शत्रुओं का हनन करते हैं|

This paper attempts to explain the main problems in achieving complete customer satisfaction and possible solutions to it. We notice every month a new model of mobile phone being launched in the market with new advanced features. These new launches leave a psychological impact on customer's mind which leaves them uneasy. It enforces the customers to think upon their present state i.e. whether their current mobile is better than the newly launched phone or not. This changes the customer's level of satisfaction and therefore it becomes difficult to ascertain the real reasons for their dissatisfaction. This cycle of satisfaction to dissatisfaction and gaining satisfaction goes on. This paper discusses various strategies that mobile manufacturing companies may follow to gain better market share of mobile industry. Along with that, the importance of customer retention and its successful strategies are analysed here. The secondary data has been collected from various journals, online journals, articles and websites.

Indian English literature is explored and researched according to many critical point of view. It has many dimensions like historical, rural, urban, religious, social, cultural, political, feministic, psychological, subaltern, marginalized, dalit, realistic etc. Minority literature as a literary dimension is less explored and reviewed topic in Indian English literary research. There are a few profound and academic efforts made by researchers at M. Phil. and Ph. D. research but as a critical dimension it is not enough discussed and entirely revealed.

This paper discusses to what extent colonial India was responsive to cultural diversity? It shows the orientalist policies of British rulers to find out how much it was favorable to the various ways of life prevailing in India during colonial times? In the colonial period we find out, how the colonizers in India insisted on their distinctness instead of accepting the path of assimilation. The Orientalist administrators and scholars presented India as having a long living civilization of its own and insisted on knowing that civilization through tracing its history. For this reason, they tried to dig out the Indian past to know about India and by knowing them, they tried to establish their legitimate rule through maintaining the way of life of the indigenous people.

गांधी एक भक्त है, एक मार्ग है, एक धारा है, एक एहसास है, एक विश्वास है, जिसका कोई निश्चित रूप नहीं| यह सत्य रूप और स्वरूप को लेकर| क्योकी गांधी एक विचार है जिसे जिया जा सकता है, गांधी एक अनुसन है जिसे माना जा सकता है | जिसे जीवन के कर्मो में उतारा जा सकता है | प्रस्तुत अध्ययन “ गांधी विचारधारा और समकालीन समस्यओ के विकल्प” में गांधीजी के ऐसे ही महत्वपूर्ण विचारो की प्रभाव मिलता की अध्ययन करने का प्रयास किया गया उनके इन सक्त विचारो को वर्तमान समाज में अति आवश्यकता महसूस की जा रही है|

-The aim of this study was to compare Indian bowlers & other bowlers on the basis of average & economy per over in IPL tournament. In this study five Indian bowlers & five other bowlers related to different country that scored average & economy per over in IPL tournament was selected. To conduct the study, all the data were collected from internet through the website regarding IPL tournament;'t' test was used on average & economy per over of the Indian bowlers & other country bowlers. May be some data was not available on internet & that reason study may be affected. The conclusion of the study indicated that Indian bowlers showed that more bowling average as compare to other bowlers; but Indian bowlers & other bowlers showed equal bowling economy in IPL tournament.

In agricultural situations, farmers usually faced with the problem of how to allocate their limited production resources among cropping and livestock activities. Farmer's planners can offer effective techniques, such as linear programming (lp) to address the problem and produce optimal solution. In this paper we have demonstrated that how a farmer who has limited resources such as farmers availability ,storage capacity and availability of land can be formulated as a linear programming having linear objective function with three constraints. The objective is to develop an understanding of utility of farmer's availability resources and then maximization of total profit. In our case we have selected two crops rice and corn, formulate the (lp) problem and after solving through LINGO, the results showed that farmer obtained maximum profit using his resources.

This study investigated the relationship among parental restraints on emotional intelligence and academic achievement of 60 high school going pre-adolescent girls (30 Kannada Medium and 30 English Medium) of rural areas of Gulbarga district. The participants ranged in age between 11 to 17years. Two hypotheses were tested for significance at 0.05 margin in error. The main objective of the study is to find the relationship between parental restraints on emotional intelligence and academic achievement. Results showed that there were significant relationships between parental restraints on emotional intelligence and academic achievement of pre-adolescent girls studying in rural areas of Gulbarga district. T-test is applied to validate the data and to test the hypotheses. Further suggestions are made for sustainability

-Poojya Dr. Appaji, believe education is a “Bramhastra” (strong weapon as per Hindu epics) as solve all kinds of problems and obstacles in individual and social problems. Education is an only solution for the all problems of the nation. “The teacher is a Brahma, the creator of the universe, he is God Vishnu protector, and he is God Maheshwar destroyer. He is entire universe, salutations to him”. – Poojya Dr. Appaji Believes from the soul. One of the biggest problems that are faced by India is poverty. India the home of 400 million poor people living even below the poverty life and poverty causes many other problems as well. Due to poverty the other problem which rose includes child labor, crime propagation and population explosion as well. To achieve all the goals and to become a modern state the solution is to reduce the poverty rate by increase the jobs ratio and another thing which is important to give equal opportunities to every citizen and to pay attention to increase the literacy rate as well. The other problems are gender biasness, inflation, illiteracy, employment and .child labor and women harassments. I feel the major problems India facing is Corruption which results into poverty and transparency in jobs 2nd major problem is education. There is no doubt about it that education system of our country is the toughest in the world but still we had archived the 65% of population educated. If the education system of country could have been achieve even 90% literacy rate, if we would have tried honestly, and our nation also considered in worlds developed country.

To provide enriching careers and long-term growth opportunities to employees in a fair and collaborative work environment, even it is important to ensure that every organization needs to provide sexual harassment free work place. The string of sexual harassment cases that have surfaced in the last few months has forced organizations and political parties to take a stand on this issue. The recent ,the law intern who went public with the alleged harassment by a Supreme Court judge, then the unearthing of tapes of alleged snooping of a young woman by Amit Shah, and the most recent, Tehelka editor Tarun Tejpal's alleged sexual harassment of a team reporter. Not only was HR .organization people and even Minister grilled at a press conference on how such issues should be effectively addressed and what organization, government was doing to step up security for women and to lead support to the victims of sexual harassment. This article emphasis on how to prevent sexually harassment at work place and help the organization to provide the sexual harassment free work place for their employees

India is very rich in biodiversity. India supports about 10% of the world's biological diversity, with just 2% of world land area. Therefore India is the seventh richest biodiversity in the world. The loss of biological diversity is a global crisis. There is hardly any region on the earth that is not facing ecological catastrophes. The rate of extinction went up to one species every 10 years. Currently it is one species every year. To conserve all native and introduced fish species This information would be helpful in the ecological monitoring of this ecosystem in the present and future. The study area was Bori Dam, at Tamaswadi Parola, District Jalgaon, (Maharashtra State) India. This dam has not received much attention by limnologist and this prompted me to sample the fishes throughout the year to assess the Icthyodiversity. Fishes were collected from the catch of local fisherman at different stations of dam, from June 2012 to May 2013 on a monthly basis. Initially fishes were identified by local name as informed by local fishermen and then the scientific identification and classification were made up to the species level. In the present study, 39 fish species were found, belonging to 24 genera and 12 families were grouped under seven orders. Among all above fish species the order Cypriniformes was found to be dominant.

The agricultural development of Karnataka was consistently positiveUntil the third five-year plan, and the growth rate was shifted to a higher level by the introduction of High Yielding Varieties (HYY) technology. During the 1970s, the performance of Karnataka's agriculture was reasonably good barring one or two years of drought The area under HYVs increased phenomenally and the yield also increased.

The area under investigation stretch along side of Purna River which is basin of Godavari. The thickness and the extent of basaltic flow throw the focus on availability of ground water. Deccan basaltic flow the ground water occurrence depends mainly on the factors like jointing pattern and variation of thickness and lateral extent of different flows. The main objective behind the present study is to locate favorable sites for percolation of water. Effective percolation could be achieved through water conservation by resorting to certain water conservation measures for sustainability of ground water reserve. For the purpose in hand 10 scattered villages falling in the watershed along Bhokardan taluka bank of Purna river were geohydrological investigated. The area under investigation is 13 kms EW and 4.5 NS spread along side of river. The msl of area caries in between 675m at maximum and 555m. at the minimum thereby exposing 99m vertical thickness for direct observation. On the basis of detailed well inventory carried out in 14 villages, a lithology showing geohydrological variation was prepared. With the help of Lithology and surface geological survey favorable as well as unfavorable sites for water percolation were demarcated such demarcations will be guideline for taking water conservation measures for ground water sustainability

In world disasters happen continually and produce heavy casualties and economic lossesannually.To effectively reduce the impact of every disaster, governments all over the world stipulate for a correspondingly complete strategy called disaster management. It has been a universal and effectivemeans to deal with disasters by constructing disaster management system, which has also brought aboutsome good results in practice. This paper presents some principles and means and practice for disaster management based on cloud computing.

In this competitive world, training plays an important role in the competent and challenging format of business. Training is the nerve that suffices the need of fluent and smooth functioning of work which helps in enhancing the quality of work life of employees and organizational development too. Development is a process that leads to qualitative as well as quantitative advancements in the organization, especially at the managerial level, it is less considered with physical skills and is more concerned with knowledge, values, attitudes and behavior in addition to specific skills. Hence, development can be said as a continuous process whereas training has specific areas and objectives. So, every organization needs to study the role, importance and advantages of training and its positive impact on development for the growth of the organization

The purpose of the study was found out the effect of surya namaskara on selected physical and physiological variables of college students. The selected physical variables were body composition, muscular endurance and flexibility and selected physiological variables were systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, and vital capacity. 50 male students of B.A, B.Sc. B.Com and B.Sc. (Ag) were randomly selected from Ch. Charan Singh P. G. College, Etawah. Pre and post measurement of selected physical and physiological variables data were analyzed by paired't' test. The result shows that there were significant effects on physical variables i.e. muscular endurance and flexibility. While there was insignificant effects of surya namaskar on body composition (fat percentage) and significant effects on selected physiological variables such as resting heart rate, vital capacity, systolic and diastolic blood pressures.

Pulses are important food in India. India is also one of the major pulses producing country in the world. Climatic conditions are also very suitable for pulses production in India. Pulses production and marketing is very important source of income of the farmers as well as traders. Pulses are an important Component of Indian diet in the Predominantly Vegetarian society.

Limited liability partnership is a firm of Business Organization, where liability held by each of the partners is limited by law. It is a corporate Vehicle that enables professional expertise and entrepreneurial initiative to combine and operate in a flexible, innovation and efficient manner.

Aimed in designing an ATV which is an All Terrain Vehicle that runs on rocky regions and hilly stations, the design was significant and meets an international standard which is cost effective and low weight. At the same time the vehicle possess an ability to run almost on all terrain. A research was conducted on each n every component of a vehicle. The major aim of an all terrain vehicle is to provide a 3 dimensional protected space around the driver which keeps him safe, the material selected to design a frame was optimized, and several research was conducted at a time of material selection. A severe concentration was made in order to increase the performance of vehicle; several modifications were made according to our convenient at a time of suspension and steering arrangement. The most critical parameters were determined by creating a Qualitative Function Diagram (QFD), These key parameters ranging from most critical to least critical are safety, reliability, low cost, ease of operation and maintenance and overall performance.

Today in this 21 century among so many contemporary Indian philosophers of education, Rabindranath Tagore holds an eminent position in the versatility of his genius, the largeness of his sympathies, and the comprehensiveness of his world-view as a universal man. Gurudev Tagore (1861- 1941) was a man of vision in modern India. He put in to practice his educational ideas by establishing the institutions of Visva-Bharati. Education is meant to enlighten human life. It is basically a social process which involves how the student develops the human relation. The real arena of education is where new innovations of knowledge are taking place. Rabindranath Tagore is one of the foremost thinkers in the world who had thought that education should be in general and all kinds of education in India should have for its people. His advocacy for education in natural setting and the concept of an ideal Indian university isextremely innovative.Now days if the children had to be properly educated, the process must begin from their childhood. Right from the childhood we have to make strong the child's power of thought and imagination. It was strongly reflected in his writing that, if development of the nation depends upon the learning of the majority of the people, and if the sustainability of that development depended on the depth of the people's knowledge, then learning practices is the only alternative. Not only that Gurudev does not want to make education as an instrument for earning bread alone, he admits that bread earning is a necessary part of any sound goal of education but acquiring knowledge should be sustain forever. It emphasized the development ofhuman being who may be able to fulfill the needs of our country. With this realization, Tagore turned his attention and thought towards the sustainable development of education.This paper aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on Rabindranath Tagore as a creative thinker, taking on board his views on sustainable development of education.

In this changing Global Scenario if students want to encounter the Academic Challenges they need to acquire Aptitude (Skills) to study. In India, the society has turned into marks oriented which unfortunately creates pressure, leading to stress thereby affects the Mental Health of students. Since their Academic Achievement is measured on the basis of their marks, they need to manage their stress with Study skills playing the major role and hence this paper.

Over a period of years we have been constructing buildings and devastating the land including the agricultural land. It has become important to conserve the land as far as possible. Earth sheltered buildings can be a significant concept to preserve the land and open spaces. Earth sheltered building is a concept in which the building is placed partially below the ground surface and the earth thus excavated building is used to insulate it including the roof. The paper attempts to bring out the advantages of earth sheltered buildings in general and energy conservation for thermal comfort in particular in quantifiable terms. It is intended to workout architectural design options and address the challenges such as ventilation and daylight etc. associated with such buildings.

Over a period of years we have been constructing buildings and devastating the land including the agricultural land. It has become important to conserve the land as far as possible. Earth sheltered buildings can be a significant concept to preserve the land and open spaces. Earth sheltered building is a concept in which the building is placed partially below the ground surface and the earth thus excavated building is used to insulate it including the roof. The paper attempts to bring out the advantages of earth sheltered buildings in general and energy conservation for thermal comfort in particular in quantifiable terms. It is intended to workout architectural design options and address the challenges such as ventilation and daylight etc. associated with such buildings.

The world has become globalized now, although, the true meaning of globalization is still vague. With the accumulation of more and more power to the Westernized nations, as the synonym of United States, the concept of global conglomeration has been applied to practicality, ultimately. In this paper, without going into a debatable angle, will discuss the existence of World Cinema, and what does it really mean in the context of crème or quality filmmaking.

Memory plays and interesting role in deciding the fate of narratives and significantly changes the meaning the text tries to establish. Memory in postcolonial literature also succumbs to such overwhelming power of memory in texts. Memory though may sound an innocent word but is in fact very political which has been well ascertained by the different examinations of the colo nial and postcolonial texts. Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness is a similar text but with a slight twist, it is difficult to place the text in the either of the two categories- colonial or postcolonial. With the multiple levels of narration, this unique narrative strategy disguises the real intention of the text and causing it to blame Conrad a terrible racist and a sympathizer of the natives by others. But this paper intends to study the politics of memory in the text which should reveal which party Conrad sided with. Though it may not be a conclusive answer or solution to the problem but separating the narrators from the writer of the text may be able to lead us to the truth.

The Accounting education in India had touched the new height in recent years. Many students are opting this course to make their career in Corporate and government sector. Accounting as core paper has been imparted to the students in Higher Secondary, Graduation and Post Graduation level of different Universities of the country. But, many students are not able to make the application of accounting education in their real working field. So, it is desirable on the part of the educational institutions not only provide Accounting education as a feedback for the students for other professional institutions like ICAI, ICWA and ACA but also take as challenge so that more employability can be created for the students of accounting education of our country. With the emerging scenario, the Accounting education should not be restricted with the traditional teaching subjects like Management Accounting, Cost Accounting and Financial Accounting, rather it should be replaced with E-Commerce and software based Accounting curriculum. This can enable the students of Accounting education to be more professional in their carrier. The present study is based on the objectives of Accounting education to be effective in order to face future challenges of global economy in the field of business and industry

In the developing world, powered grain cleaners exist, but they are impractical in rural regions because of electricity are expensive or unavailability.The objective is to develop a low cost, pedal powered machine that is designed using readily available parts. Innovation is its simple design using bicycle components, which is easy to operate and without using electricity. Methodolgy involved here using pedal operated and vibrating mechanism cleaned variety of grain is collected leaving chaffs, lighter impurities and stones present in the grains

Jotirao set himself to the task of seeking educational reforms. He was convinced that both the women and the Sudras from the Hindu community should avail themselves of modem education. At the time, even the Brahmins were opposed to educating their women. He decided to open a school for girls, for, if a woman were educated, the home could become a school where the educated mother could teach her children. Meanwhile his friend, Sadashivrao Govande took him to Ahmednagar, the centre of education run by Christian missionaries.

-The study of philosophy, as a world outlook, includes the entire existence, the being in its totality. There are two main areas of philosophy, that is, epistemology and metaphysics. Epistemology is the theory of knowledge, an important province of philosophical it is the doctrine on man's ability to cognize reality, on the sources, forms and methods of cognition, the truth and ways of attaining it. Whereas metaphysics studies the highest principles of all that exists, which are inaccessible to the senses, compre-hoisible only to speculative reason, kind indispensable to all smites. Its subject includes the nature of the world, the existence of God, soul, transmigration, etc. Both epistemology and metaphysics are considered to be the foundations of any philosophy

Women have provided innumerable contribution in India especially in education and employment sector. In response to employment, central and state government have set up special schemes and programmes related to women in India. This study presents how women contribute in employment and being part of human development progression. Present paper illustrates women's contribution in two fundamental indicators of literacy and employment. The study provides the details of male and female weight factor score in literacy and employment and trying to exemplify gender gap through econometric analysis. Rank is given to all the Talukas according to the combination of education and employment for that we obtain Principal Component Analysis finding the result. Taluka Mandal and Taluka Barwala come on 1st and 2nd rank whereas Taluka Ranpura and Taluka Dholka come on 10th and 11th rank in the contribution of literacy and employment.

-Feminism in its beginning was considered as a watershed movement for it aimed at questioning the various ideologies that propagated negative and inferior images of females. In Literature, a female was always represented, portrayed and written thus leaving no scope for a female herself to talk and write. Feminists argue for the misrepresentation of women by the male writers in the literary Works. However, Western Feminism was further criticized by the third world women for its emphasis on the white women only. One such example is Black Feminism – that delineates the representation of black female who lives in double jeopardy. Black female is not just the victim of sexism but racism and classism also. The paper attempts at analyzing evolution of black feminism including its difference from the mainstream feminism and issues and intricacies that belie black feminism.

देवेश ठाकूर एक प्रयोगधर्मी उपन्यासकार है| मानवीय नैतिक मुल्यों को सम्मूख रखकर बदलते नैतिक मुल्यों का भी उन्होंने सफलतापुर्वक चित्रण किया है | आधुनिक काल में शैक्षिक समानता के कारण आर्थिक आत्मनिर्भर नारी की बदलती मानसिकता से उन्होंने पाठकों को अवगत कराने का सफल प्रयास किया है | शिक्षा तथा अर्थ के कारण अबला नारी सबला बन गयी है|

एक नवम्बर सन 2000 से भारत वर्ष का 26 वाँ राज्य बनने वाले छत्तीसगढ़ को एक नये राज्य के रूप में पहचाने जाने का इतिहास अभी सिर्फ 13 साल पुराना हो सकता है,लेकिन इतिहास के गौरवशाली पन्नों से लेकर जनमानस में अंकित ‘’ छत्तीसगढ़’’ एक गौरवशाली और समृध्दशाली ऐतिहासिक धरोहर का नाम है| अगर शुरुआत प्राचीन इतिहास से की जाये तो विध्यांचल के दक्षिण में कौशल नामक जनपद था,जो उत्तर कौशल , अयोध्या स्वास्ती से अलग आस्तित्व के कारण दक्षिण कौशल कहलता था|

भारत यह देश सकल सबसे बडा लोकतंत्रा है| एसलोकतंत्र निर्वाचक सबसे मत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है | ठस महत्वपूर्ण कार्य को विविध राजनीती पक्ष तथा दलो के माध्यमसे पुरा किया जाता है | एस में मतदाता तथा प्रसार माध्यम इनकी सबसे बडी विशेष भूमिका होती है | कोनसे भी चुनाव पैसो के बिना पूर्ण नही होते है; ओर एन सबपर अंक लगाने के लिए निर्वाचन आयोग की स्थापन हुई है |

विकासप्रवण समाजदेखिल समसग्रस्त असतो. कालपरत्वे आणि समस्यांचे स्वरूप वेगवेगळे असते एवढेच.भारतीय समाजासमोरही अनेक समस्या आहेत. जेस अर्थिक विषमता,कुपोषण,दारिद्रय, निरक्षरता,बेरोजगारी, स्त्री दुर्बलता,अंधसश्रद्घा, बालश्रमिक,जातीयता इ.एक मात्र निशिचत क समस्य ह्या सुटत असतात.फक्त त्या सोडविण्याची आयुधे आणि तंत्रे ही देशपरत्वे आणि कालपरत्वे वेगवेळी असतात.

In the present paper, we proposed improved ratio estimator by adopting the estimator type of Ray and Singh(1981) in simple random sampling. Mean square error (MSE) of the proposed ratio estimator is obtained and compared with classical ratio estimator and existing ratio estimators. By this comparison, the condition which makes the proposed estimator more efficient than the others are found .Theoretical result is supported by a numerical illustration.