A grievance may be defined as discontentment or dissatisfaction which arises out of any dispute between the employer and employee. It is not possible to express it and may be not even valid. It arises when the employee feels that something has gone wrong with him who he may find unfair, unjust and inequitable. There can be many reasons for the grievances in an organisation like long working hours, poor working facilities, unfair treatment in promotion, low level of job satisfaction etc. Management should be concerned with the grievances and thus should have an effective procedure for handling the grievances. The need for effective grievances management is in the organisation because it is the indicator of problems in the main workforce. Without grievance management the management will not be able to respond to employee concerns because managers are unaware of them. To support these shifts in perspective, we should identify several enablers of interdisciplinary approaches, such as models and dashboards, organizational architecture, and integrative processes. Therefore a formal and effective Grievances Management procedure is a vital tool for communication.

Blood pressure and diabetes are two major diseases which causing risks of mortality all over the world. More than 20% of the Indian population is affected by diabetes and 26% of the world population is suffering from blood pressure. It is noted that due to modern food habits and work conditions, there is increase in diabetes and blood pressure among people. The present paper described about diabetes and blood pressure and also suggested that there is need to perform physical exercise, yoga and meditation, so as to avoid these diseases.

Solapur is the city of Maharashtra and is the junction of three states i.e. Maharashra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Industrial sector, service sector, business sector and medical & educational facilities in the city are growing. This has created employment opportunities to people in city and neighbouring villages, therefore Solapurians in the city are modernizing and constructing residential and commercial infrastructures. Labours working in construction sector are mainly from surrounding villages and some are urban poors, they are unskilled, skilled labourers and artisans. All these men are unorganised, uncertified and moving. The construction labours are informally affiliated to labour contractors. The Contractors employ them on the site of construction, and they paid meagre daily wages, their employment depends on mercy of their master. These labours too are not tied to a particular contractor all the times they goes on changing sites and contractors, because of their instability, absenteeism ,ignorance they are not getting Statutory and Non-statutory welfare facilities. Because of workers instability, ignorance, absenteeism and insecurity construction site are delaying for completion delay in possession to client causes monitory loss and disputes.

Balance of payment accounts are an accounting record of all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world. These transactions include payments for the country's export and imports of goods, services, financial capital, and financial transfers. The Balance of Payment accounts summarize international transactions for a specific period, usually a year, and are prepared in a single currency, typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items. Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as negative or deficit items. When all components of the Balance of Payment accounts are included they must sum to zero with no overall surplus or deficit. The objective of this article is to throw a light on the existing literature on Balance of Payment, so the reader can get the different aspect of balance of payment at one place.

In the fifteenth century, Guru Nanak laid the foundation of Sikhism based on liberal, humanistic and democratic principles. In Sikhism, there is no place for any kind of social injustice and gender inequalities. Sikh Gurus gave unique idea of women liberation and envisaged a new way of life which has provided equal rights to woman and restored her dignity and old glory. Sikhism elevated the status of women in the Indian society and played a significant role in the elimination of age-old gender bias against women.

In our national perception, education is essentially for all … Education has an acculturating role. It refines sensitivities and perceptions that contribute to national cohesion, a scientific temper and independence of mind and spirit — thus furthering the goals of socialism, secularism and democracy enshrined in our Constitution. However critical challenges continue to remain in areas such as retention, quality of education and equitable opportunities for all. The recently legislated Right to Education (RTE) Act is a milestone in the journey towards achieving the goal of universal, equitable and quality education. The Act has travelled a long and arduous path to the point of legislative sanction and is the most substantive declaration of the government's responsibility towards education. Therefore it would be appropriate to examine the issues around educational policy in the overall framework already provided by the Right to Education (RTE) Act. Achieving the goal of equitable, quality education for all requires progress along multiple dimensions – better policies, stronger political commitment, superior implementation, enhanced funding and higher community involvement among many others. This paper will attempt to explore key lacunae in the context of the RTE Act, recommendation and suggest improvements to address them.

Study Habits Inventory developed by Prof.M.Mukhopadhaya and Prof.D.N.Sansanwal( ).The total sample was 100, where in 50 students were from science stream and the other 50 were from arts stream .the data were collected using random sampling technique ,and were subsequently analysed using Mean, S.D and t-test. The study was aptly conducted on Higher Sec. School Students. The results indicated that on the total scores a highly significant difference between the scores and mean of the students was found where t (53) = 8.09.

-Lively criticism of judicial activism encroaching on the powers of the legislature and the executive has been voiced by many including Lok Sabha Speaker Somnath Chatterjee. Such controversies are the lifeblood of democracy and must be welcomed. On march 12, 2007, marshals were summoned in the Lok Sabha as Communist Party of India (Marxist) members stormed the well, menacingly advancing towards Shipping Minister T.R.Baalu. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam members formed a human wall to protect him. On March 19,2007, another scuffle took place in the Rajya Sabha when Bharatiya Janata Party members S.S.Ahluwalia and other Opposition members rushed threateningly towards Finance Minister P.Chidambaram who was protected by a cordon of Congressmen.

India is projected to have a population increase which is the highest in the world by 2050. This is projected to have a huge impact on its urbanization, carbon dioxide emissions and food security. Population growth and food production are serious issues in India. Food security of a country depends on the agricultural production of the country per unit area in cultivable land. India made good inroads into better varieties in the 1960s through "green revolution". However even though growth of up to 10% is occurring in Information Technology, Manufacturing etc, agricultural growth is way behind being only 2%. In a country like India, as the population is increasing there is also increase in urbanization and more than 8 million Indian farmers have left farming as it is neither productive nor possible to continue farming. Food security of India needs attention not just by the governments but at the individual level. Today 30% of the middle class is carrying to a large extent 70% of the poor population through subsidies, welfare and other policies such as employment guarantee schemes which offer no long term solutions but provide for survival. If agriculture is denied water and land due to urban expansion, farmers abandon agriculture for urban labour then India could face serious food crisis issue. Population expulsion due to inefficiencies in agricultural sector out run food supply

The term ' Industry' is often used by it self to denote manufacturing. The term manufacturing'1 includes those activities by which man changes the form or nature of raw materials converting them into more useful products. These transforming operation are conducted in factories to which are brought raw materials from various source region and from which go finished products to diverse market regions. An Industry is regarded as homogeneous groups of enterprises of companies homogeneity being measurable in several ways as indicated below. A company business firm, concern or enterprise in an association of persons united for common purposes. 'The procession of raw materials to exchange its value' is another sense in which we use the term Industry. Therefore, on the basis of this meaning (according to the operational process that term Industry uses) industry can be classified into four groups. Industrialization means the growth of manufacturing industry. It is a basic process for achieving rapid development through harnessing a regions natural resources and rendering then into production wealth. It is thus a part of the economic development which involves raising standards of living through a steady increase in the efficiently of factors of production.

We are living in digital age. Use of information technology has become the essential part of the life. Digital libraries are in growing steadily. Systematic approach is the proper step towards the implementation this technology, institutional support, need of digitization, collections such are important to consider. Staff training and user education both are needed to avail the fruits of the digital age. Digital library is the outcome of intellectual work in this area.

The MDG is a milestone for taking action to improve the women status in India. Indian society is the male dominated society having deep roots of social discrimination in different walks of life. In the process of globalization government has made the structural reorganization in implementation of various rules and regulations related to social development. The empowerment of women is closely linked with gender discrimination. To keep the control on gender discrimination government has enacted various rules and regulations in the form of Acts. The empowerment policy is enacted to give boost to various programs and activities related to women development and protecting her social status. The legal framework and its mechanism of implementation clearly spell out the activities to be undertaken at various levels so that half of the population will come in main stream of development. The paper have highlighted development of policy, legal framework, various Acts to protect women, various statutory provisions that helps to empower women for taking her own decisions, various welfare measures are also discussed in detailed.

Indian English Drama has not registered notable gains in volume and vitality during the post-Independence period. With the starting of the National Drama Festival in 1954 it got a new footing and was given a new, versatile and broader approach at every level of creativity. In 1970s, a new trend of “Translation Method” came in English Dramas in India and got huge success for its bold innovations and fruitful experiments. Works of the playwrights like Mohan Rakesh, Badal Sircar, Vijay Tendulkar, Girish Karnad, Manjula Padmanabhan, Mahesh Dattani and others brought Indian English Drama on the pan Indian level.

Research has shown that mathematical ability among students is influenced by psycho-social factors such as study habits and home environment. Mathematical ability involves effective thinking with conceptual learning; students need to be taught to think logically along with practicing the numerical problems. Among the various social groups, home occupies the first and most important place for the development of the individual. Study habit is a well planned and deliberate pattern of study which has attained form of consistency on the part of the student towards understanding academic subject and passing at examination. The purpose of this study was to find out the influence of psycho-social factors on mathematical ability of secondary school students in Shimoga District, Karnataka. The research examined the differences in mathematical ability according to sex as well as the differences in mathematical ability of students based on the level of study habits and home environment. The study involved 100 form VIII standard students (50 boys and 50 girls). The Mathematical Ability Inventory constructed and standardized by the researcher, Study Habits Inventory constructed by Constructed by M.N. Palsane and Sharma and Home Environment Inventory constructed and standardized by Karuna Shankar Misra were used to measure mathematical ability, study habits and home environment of the students respectively.. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to determine the mean, standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson's coefficient of correlation. The findings of the study indicated that there was a significant relationship of mathematical ability with study habits and home environment. This study also shows there was difference in mathematical ability of students based on their level of study habits and home environment. The findings of the present study highlight the importance of promoting a positive study habits in every aspect in various psychosocial contexts. Positive study habits are key factors for successful learning, general behavioural patterns and high participation in school activities also enhancing academic abilities. Totally, it may be considered that to nurture adolescent's potential, intervention efforts need to be made not only in enhancing their self concept, but also in promoting encouraging home environment.

Culture is closely related to language. It indicates that in learning a language, learners also need to learn about the culture. English is one of the foreign languages which are taught in schools, from primary up to secondary schools. Moreover, there are also kindergarten and playgroups which provide English as the subject. In this case, English is a language which is very important because it is taught in every level of education. For the English teachers, an appropriate teaching strategy is needed to make the students learn English more easily.

Examinations play an important part in one's educational career. The present examination system in India is predominately focusing on the intellectual skills mainly and the present and the society further supporting it, the psycho motor and affective domains of holistic learning have not received their due importance. But the aim of education is developing the 'whole child'. Holistic education demands development of all aspects of individual's personality including cognitive, affective and psycho motor domains. In the present scenario it is very stressful for the parents, teachers and students only to be working on cognitive aspects without learning the processes of learning. Teachers' professional self esteem and promotions are geared to the scholastic marks attained by their learner. Focusing on excellence in academics alone undoubtedly result in lop “sided development of personality. In order to bring about the improvement in the quality of the education and the holistic development of the child who is tomorrow's global citizen, evaluation process should focus adequately on both scholastics and non scholastic areas of development. Hence the focus needs to shift to continuous and comprehensive evaluation. Continuous and comprehensive Evaluation refers to a system of school based assessment that covers all aspects of student's development. It helps in improving student's performance by identifying his/her learning difficulties at regular time intervals right from the beginning of the academic session and employing suitable remedial measures for enhancing their learning performance.

Aim of the study: To study the mental health among private and government sectors employees. To measure the job satisfaction among private and government sectors employees. Hypotheses: 1. there will be significant difference between private and government sectors employees dimension on mental health. 2. There will be significant difference between private and government sectors employees dimension on job satisfaction.Sample: For the propose of the present investigation, a sample consisting 80 individual subjects from government and private sector of Mumbai in Maharashtra which is the central part of the state and is popularly known as central Maharashtra. There are two groups (40 governments& 40 Privates) sectors. The sample of the study includes clerks, accountants, officers and supervisors belonging to both government and private sectors. Tools: 1. Job Satisfaction scale: Job satisfaction scale is developed by Amar Singh and T.R. Sharma 2. Mental health inventory is developed by Davies AR, Sherbourne CD, Preterson JR and Ware, J. E., and RAND Corporation (1998). Results: 1. there was no significant difference between private sector worker and government private sector worker some mental health dimension e.i. anxiety, depression, behavioural/emotional control, general positive affect and life satisfaction. 2. Government sector worker had significantly high emotional ties than the private sector worker. 3. Government sector worker had significantly high job satisfaction than the private sector worker.

Among insects‚ butterflies are ideal subject for ecological studies of landscapes and their value as indicators of biotope quality is being increasingly recognized because of their sensitivity to minor changes in micro-habitat, in particular, light levels. Saikheda dam is good habitat for butterflies which is located at 20°-6'-55”N latitude and 78°-28'-4”E longitude. It is surrounded by forest on one side with major agriculture land. It is an important water body in area for drinking water, commercial fishing, and irrigation purpose In this study 12 species of butterflies of 5 families were recorded during the course of this study.

The objective of the present study was to study the effects of plyometric training for the development of explosive strength and endurance among university volleyball players of Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur selected for coaching camp. Total 30 volleyball players were selected and age range from 18 to 24 year i.e. 15 Experimental Group and 15 Control Group were taken for the study. The Six Weeks Plyometric sand running training programme were given to experimental group which includes jumping, bounding, hopping exercises and sand running on alternate days and controlled group was given general training of jogging and stretching exercises. The Pre Test and Post Test were conducted through the vertical jump and Cooper Test for both groups to evaluate the effects of plyometric training and running. This study shows that the plyometric and sand running has increase the explosive strength and endurance among the Experimental group along with Physiological capacity of the University Volleyball Players. It is recommended that plyometric exercise and sand running is good for the development of endurance and explosive strength together.

Nashik has a personality of its own due to its mythological, historical, social and cultural importance. the Kumbh Mela is a religious festival that occurs once every 12 years, and is celebrated in four major pilgrim centers around the country. In Maharastra, the festival is held in Trimbakeshwar, Nashik. The Nashik KumbhMela is generally acknowledged to be the most sacred of all the festivals.

Girl's education is one of the challenges in India. Since independence government is trying to make sustained efforts for improving educational level of girl child. The anticipated result has not been achieved. Though there is an increasing trend in educational level the gap persists from 1951 and is still continued. Various schemes and programmes are being planned and being implemented for girls education. However there is major gap in what is anticipated and what is actually achieved. In 12th Five year plan the concept of Inclusive growth and sustainable development has been incorporated in various policies of different ministries. In this view the present paper highlights the trend of enrollment of the girls, various facilities that are available in schools, various committees and their recommendations, national perspective plan for women empowerment, threse are the aspects which are dealt in detail. In last part of the paper the details about barriers to girls education is explained.

Education is a tool for social transformation. An educated person thinks independently about the actions to be taken to solve the problem he/she is facing. Government interest in social development has given the substantial emphasis on developing human resources of the nations. In case of general population the educational level of women has been remained lower side as compared to males. There are several problems and challenges of women's education in India. This paper highlights the current policy and future need of women in Indian context. The current national policies and program r directed at the provisions of the quality education. The government is also making its efforts to universalize primary education to fulfill the commitment given for right to education. In this paper various action programs related to empowerment of girl child are discussed. Operation Black Board, Nutritional Support for Primary Education, Education Guarantee Scheme, District Primary Education Program, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Navoday Vidyalya, and National Open Schools etc has been discussed along with policy the framework.

The present study is on anti social behaviour and parental behaviour of higher secondary students. Anti social behaviour refers to any acts that are violations of social rules including against people or property. The rearing of a child or children, especially the care, love, and guidance given by parent is called parental behaviour. This study was conducted in Cuddalore district in Tamil Nadu and survey method was employed. 836 students were selected by adopting stratified random sampling technique as sample, in which 425 were boys and 411 were girls, 404 students from rural and 432 students from urban schools, 179 students from boys', 125 students from girls' and 532 students from mixed schools. The investigator has found that the anti social behaviour of higher secondary students is average. Parental behaviour of higher secondary students is average. Also it reveals that there is significant correlation and negative relationship exists between anti social behaviour and parental behaviour.

This article deals with information security, essential for proper operation of any computer system criteria, such as confidentiality, security and availability must be prioritized in any IT system. And it has a literature approach to information security, and then is treated on the types of pentest, some methods footprint and fingerprint. Then we present the techniques used primarily for intrusion servers. Therefore, it is necessary to perform tests to diagnose possible vulnerabilities and fix them before someone malicious explore it. The gathering of information, knowledge of the environment and familiarity with the techniques used in pentest are paramount, because from then, the chances of success are higher. The tools (software) for pentest will be the basis for the test to be applied in a practical and results in success. The Pentest is done to find a vulnerability or gap in the system and find out as much as possible vulnerability to invasion and other types of attacks such as session hijacking, buffer overflow, pichamento and so on. Therefore, the research is important, since the topic provides reflections on the prevention of simulations of the possibilities of performing virtual crimes.

The media essentially plays the role of the fourth estate in a democratic polity, shaping, reflecting and refracting opinion, acting a check on the abuse of power and ideally the press must seek diffusion and not concentration of authority. For the media to function democratically, responsibly and responsively, an environment conducive to healthy and democratic debate, free from vested interests.....

The case of different professions there could be gradations among student scholars based on faculty, skills, and length of studentship as well as the social origin, which could provide insights into the social structure of an academic system dealing specifically with the student scholars. Hence, an attempt in made in this chapter to deal with the student status, employment status, financial resources, conception of research career, motivations to take to such a career, length student career, sources of financial support, extent of progress achieved in research, their achievement as student scholars, the schedule of-work, conditions of work on the one hand and, nature of guide ship, guide-scholar relationships, credentials and qualifications of the guide, the stresses and strains in guide-scholar relations. expectations of student from the guides, and willingness on the pails of guides to fulfill these expectations and the like in short, it is endeavored here to portray an intellectual and academic profile of the student scholars and ascertain the career aspects or aspects of their professional existence as the student scholars. These career patterns of research scholars are subsequently employed as explanatory variables MI the analysis of issues and challenges being faced by the student scholars

Dowry, cruelty & domestic violence are the big social evils facing our country, and no civilized society should tolerate these, and every effort should be made to eradicate these evils. People responsible of these evils should be punished severely. Enactments have been made to do so. In recent years the criminal law of the land have undergone radical changes to provide protection to women, more teeth have been provided to existing laws by new enactments. But other side of the coin, often unlooked upon should not be ignored. And this side of the coin – is the misuse of these provisions by some unscrupulous wives to wreak havoc on husband and family and unfortunately the remedy is becoming worse than the ailment. This article will provide and insight into these legal provisions and highlight the draconian nature of those provisions through its anomalies and inherent ambiguities.

Agro service centres play an important role to transfer the advanced technology to the farmers and are providing the services and inputs for crops. They are useful to increase the agricultural production. The Parola Tahsil is one of the most fertile and well watered agricultural areas of the Jalgaon district. It has a total area 791.2 Sq.km. and comprises 115 villages. The present study is based on both primary and secondary type of data. The centrality of agro service centres has been calculated with the help of location quotient of Davis (1967). finally, sphere of influence of agro-service centre is determined by Prakash Rao's method. Analysis ravels that there are ten agro service centres on the fourth order, while five agro service centres are place on the third order of hierarchy. Two agro service centres are located on second order of hierarchy, while one agro service centres is at first order. Considerable overlapping in the zones of influence of the agro service centres has been observed in the region under study.

Before making an investment decision an investor has to know about Medias or range of investment schemes so that investor can use his discretion and save in those investments or investment options which best satisfy of goals. There is lot of investment options available for investors and one must select the best from the available alternatives to full fill the investments programs. Investment option risk free instruments to high risk instruments this study examined on people's choice in investment avenues or option of Ludhiana. The data has collected through questionnaire the sample size of the area is analyzed by tools selected for this study has 375 were randomly selected from the city. Data has analyzed using descriptive statistics and one sample statistics.

Sales promotion is one of the effective tools for establishment and development of the brand. The sales promotion is very essential tool to speed up the sales of brands. Consumer sales promotions requires large share of the total marketing expenditures. Increase in the sales because of the consumer sales promotions is generally an increase short term sales. This study has an attempt to explore the effect of consumer sales promotion on loyal and non loyal consumers in fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies. [Detergent and Shampoo brands]

Occupation is the basic biological mechanism for healthy survival. There are numerous occupations in which man engage himself in work for his existence. Even though Bijapur district is a poverty stricken and drought prone land, people here struggle to get work and engage in different works according to their abilities and skills. So, here an attempt was made to study the community called Tongawalas. What are the problems faced by tongawalas in their mundane life? Why their number is declining or decreasing day by day? The reasons for extinction of such occupation are addressed here.

Central or State Government is necessary for the prosecution of a public servant not removable from his office save with the permission of the Government. No sanction is required under this section to prosecute a public servant removable by the authority lower than the Government. 1Sanction is required of the competent authority whether the public servant is as removable by the 2 Government or by an authority lower than the Government.

Guided Imagery is a relaxation technique aimed at easing stress and promoting a sense of peace and tranquility at a stressful or difficult time in a person's life. It can be used by young children all the way up through the elderly. Guided Imagery has been shown to promote wellness and optimize overall health. Mind-body therapy teaches a patient how to use their mental processes to bring about healing. One form of mind body therapy is called guided imagery. With guided imagery, a patient uses mental images to change negative attitudes and make positive physiologic changes. Guided imagery can be used for pain management, easing worries, quitting smoking, and losing weight. There a several types of guided imagery that can be used when practicing mind-body therapy.

The era of technology has wide impact on all the fields and changed the whole world in terms of interaction between human beings, understanding of abstract things. 3D Lab is one of the boons for the learners and teachers from the technology era. The articles discusses the importance of 3D Labs in teaching biology, creating 3d virtual learning environment in teaching learning process, knowledge about 3d animation software, benefits of 3d virtual environment in an educational setting and disadvantages of 3d virtual environment. 3D Lab improves their learning outcomes. It can bridge the gap between theory and practical experience, between the concrete world of nature and the abstract world of concepts and models. 3D- bio lab project aims to contribute to the improved understanding and impact of computer simulations on the efficiency of teaching and learning biology.

“Human Resource Accounting” is the offshoot of various research studies conducted in the areas of accounting and finance. Human resource is an asset whose value gets appreciated over the period of time provided placed, applied and developed in the right direction. Human Resource Accounting gives information regarding inner strength of organization and helps in making decisions regarding....

Principal plays vital role between management and teachers in development of colleges. Teacher participation in decision making affecting their work, professional collaboration and interaction, use of skills and knowledge, and the teaching/learning environment. As a result, behavior of the principal and teachers is closely related. This research investigates the association between leadership behavior of college principal and quality of work life of college teachers in affiliated colleges of Chennai city, Tamilnadu, India. The data were collected by means of questionnaires mailed 250 teachers from 25 engineering colleges located in Chennai city limit. The response rate was 67.22%. Research results reveal a positive relationship between the leadership behavior of principals and quality of work life of teachers. The research findings not only validate the research findings in the engineering colleges but also verify the importance of Leadership behavior of principal and QWL programs for teachers in educational institutions in Thailand.

On the Planet, Mobile has been the most pervasive media incorporating several viable applications for ESL learner. In mobile technology smsing with its features- Create Message, Inbox, Outbox, etc meet the user with the actual and practical sense of the second language either in typed or saved form. The mobile phone inbuilt features such as, templets, T9 dictionary, smileys, chat, sms storage etc support the ESL learner. The process offers a friendly, interactive, fun-oriented, functional and the non-correctional attitude towards ELL. The process avails user the first-hand experience and experiment of the words, phrases, spellings, syntax etc of the foreign language. In India, an average user sends 29 SMS per month (TRAI) and about 80% of the semi-urban students practice the communication. The paper is a short research made on the students of 10+2 and the undergraduate level from the semi-urban area of Shirpur Tehsil in the Northern part of Maharashtra. The methodology consists of a questionnaire of 20 questions on SMSing, about mobile as an effective ELL tool. The survey brings out astonishing results as SMSing fosters communication, collaboration, assessment, performance support, knowledge, capture evidence of learning activity and welcomes mobile as a handheld guide and a close companion.

This paper aims to examine the Role of Electricity Sector in Karnataka. The study is primarily based on secondary sources. The present paper articulates the current problems of electricity with analyze the process and consequences of decline such sector in Karnataka. To capture the different aspects of State Electricity Board (SEB), the study has carried out the new horizon in SEB development particularly its rural areas as well as empowerment of weaker sector of the society....

This study addresses issues related to definition, dimension, and measure of economic disparities from the perspective of the finance commission. In India alongside fast economic growth has come to a new challenge of increasing regional disparities. Usingper capita net state domestic product, net state domestic product and urban population data, this paper examined the current status of regional disparities during the period of 2004-05 to 2012-13. The period has chosen because it reflects the latest situation of regional disparities in India. Statistical analysis of data for the period 2004-05 to 2012-13 shows a clear tendency for Indian states to diverge in per capita income, percentage of urban population to total populationand NSDP.In a panel data study for 15 major Indian states for the period from 2004-05 to 2012-13, it is found thatregional inequality in India remained largely unchanged during this study period. The paper argues that the Planning Commission and the finance commissions should take due note about regional imbalances.

-Reflexology is the application of pressure to areas on the feet, hands and ears. Reflexology is generally relaxing and may be an effective way to alleviate stress. Several studies funded by the National Cancer Institute and the National Institutes of Health indicate that reflexology may reduce pain and psychological symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, and enhance relaxation and sleep. Studies also show that reflexology may have benefits in palliative care of people with cancer. Reflexologists claim that reflexology also can treat a wide variety of medical conditions, such as asthma, diabetes and cancer. However, scientific evidence is lacking to support these claims. Reflexology is generally considered safe, although very vigorous pressure may cause discomfort for some people.

More then six decades after Intependence, India remains a male-dominated society whose elected representatives cannot even agree on women's reservation in Parliament – Prabhu Chawla.

Ecotourism can be best defined as a nature based tourism that involves education, interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable. The Sajjangarh fort is a famous hot spot in biodiversity of Western Ghats. Sajjangarh ,meaning Fort of Good People, is located near the city of Satara, India. It is the final resting place of Saint Ramdas, a saint and social reformer in 17th century India (born 1606). His teachings and works written in books such as Dasbodh are read and followed by many people even today in the state of Maharashtra and Sajjangarh is a popular place of pilgrimage.The Sajjangarh plays an important role in the economy of the Satara districtof Maharashtra because of its natural resources and tourism activities. The high level of brittleness of the Sajjangarh fort tourism is thus due to its inherent geomorphological, climatic and bio geological characteristics. GIS can be used in study region as ecotourism planning supporting tool for maintainable ecotourism, survivor flora and fauna, impact assessment, tourist flow management and greatest route path direction. GIS helps to deeply understand the meaning of spatial information in environment and how that information can more faithfully reflect the true nature of spatially distributed processes of tourism. Tabulate eco sensitive areas where tourism will have an impact on the social, cultural and natural environment. Ecotourism planning of current study using Landsat TM, ETM & MSS satellite imagery and prepared vector maps, GIS assist in this process. This research proposed for community development and involvement for local people as a part of hospitality services in ecotourism industries in this region because they can assist tourists according to their experience as guides in the hill and forest. Motivate use of suitable local practices, materials, art, craft, architecture, food. For ecosystem protection in this study proposed a 10 km buffer zone around the Sajjangarh fort. Finally, this study proposed an outline for ecotourism planning in the adjoining Sajjangarh fort where geoinformatics assist in the planning process and make strategy and efforts to ensure long-term sustenance of the environment.

To the Buddhist people, these three essences, which I will discuss in this article, are not only the foundation but also the highest state. Buddhist people regard that these are the essences which leading to the ultimate goal, Nibbâna, in their life. Therefore, I also hold that all and sundry should follow and practice these three essences very well.

The present study aimed to compare the pre-competitive and post-competitive anxiety in inter-collegiate basketball players. A group of 30 players (15 of each sex with age group of 18-25) were selected from Gulbarga University, Karnataka, India through purposive sampling technique. Data were collected from athletes using a Sports Competitive Anxiety Test. The result of the study reveals that there was significant difference in 0.01 levels of pre-competitive anxiety and post-competitive anxiety among the male and female inter-Collegiate basketball players.

Deliberate self harm (DSH) is defined as an act with a non-fatal outcome in which an individual deliberately initiates behaviour which causes bodily injury or ingests a substance in excess of the therapeutic dose or ingests a non-ingestible substance . Even though deliberate self harm is common among adolescents, it is very rare in children. Most of the studies on DSH among children and adolescents focus on adolescents and there is scant data on DSH in children. It has been shown that deliberate self harm in childhood is often a forerunner of DSH in adolescence .Deliberate self harm is an indicator of underlying psychosocial problems and there is an increased risk of suicidal behavior in later life. The present study was conducted to analyze the nature of deliberate self harm in children as well as to identify the factors associated with it. In this population-based cross-sectional study, we determined the prevalence of intentional injuries and associated factors among 120 adolescents in Central India . Overall, 64% of adolescents had at least one intentional injury behavior which was significantly higher in males. Gender preference for males by parents, very high or very low supervision, waterpipe smoking, and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with injuries in females. In addition, poor wealth index, parental punishment and smoking were incriminating.

People live in the mildest of a global communications' boom where the use of social media between individuals for personal and professional use is widespread. It has been predicted that 2014 is the year when the use of social media for branding purposes will really take off in the corporate sector. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how social media can create brand equity through brand awareness. The specific area of FMCG was chosen. Based on existing articles and reviews, this study analyzes facts and discussion about how companies create brand equity through brand awareness has been debated with the upsurge of social media. The most important findings were that the social media to create brand awareness. It is also providing clear strategy for how to reach the different stages of brand awareness, from the weakest (recognition) to the strongest (word-of-mouth).

Numbers of dual career couples are gradually increasing and the support of joint family is going away, men and women employees are struggling hard to manage their professional and personal lives. Women professionals find it difficult to fulfill demands of the family and society and at the same time do justice to the demands of their profession at workplace. This issue becomes even more pertinent in a country like India where most of the household roles are gendered. Work-Life Balance (WLB) is about people having a measure of control over when, where and how they work and it can be achieved when an individual's right to a fulfilled life inside and outside paid work is accepted and respected as the norm, to the mutual benefit of the individual, business and society. Thus WLB becomes one of the important criteria of Quality of Work life (QWL) of employees which describe the quality of relationship between employees and working environment. Present research throws light on interface and relationship between Work-Life balance and Quality of Working Life of working women on the basis of review of literature collected.

India as a country is still recovering from years of abuse in the time of the Raj and more years of economic suffering at the hands of the License Raj. It is only now that globalisation, liberalisation and other socio-economic forces have given some respite to a large proportion of the population. However, there are still quite a few areas where women empowerment in India is largely lacking. The concept women empowerment has several interpretations, like freedom of choice, economic opportunity, and economic participation, social and political empowerment. Off all these economic empowerment is recognized as important point to address women empowerment. They are in need of alternative financial products like micro-finance, the concept of microfinance not only empowers women economically but also social and political empowerment can be assured. In light of this the present paper stresses upon role of microfinance in women empowerment.

In the era of science and technology the smart class room can be considered a tool for education which promotes the development of skills and multiple intelligence. In recent years, government has funded technology in educational institutions with an aim to widen the teaching resources as well as enhancing the learning experiences for students through smart classrooms. The smart technology software that comes with a smart board, has built in lesson planning software to teachers with preparing a lesson. This helps to provide those visual images to learners with the ultimate experiences. In present study, an attempt been made to study the effectiveness of smart class room on students' self-concept in teaching of social science. Self concept is a positive attitude of oneself towards learning. The sample of study consisted of 75 students of 8th class drawn from two English medium schools of Sirsa district having smart class room facilities. Simple random sampling technique was used by the investigator to select the sample. The data was collected through self-concept scale by R. K. Sarswat. Data was analyzed using't' test . Result shows that there is significant difference between experimental and control group. The students taught through smart class room have higher self concept for learning. Hence smart class room is a better technique of imparting education to the school going students.

The Rural women are the marginalized groups of our society. Due to the presence of socio-economic constraints in the rural areas, women's potential for development remained far from fully utilized and they have been pushed further back into the social hierarchical systems. To bring the rural women to the fore, SHG's play crucial role in rural and urban marketing by manufacturing and selling the rural product.

Lady of Snows church is historically, religiously and culturally important living monument in Thoothukudi. It reveals the history of Thoothukudi and its relation with the colonial rule on the inhabitant's conversion to Catholicism. Religion plays a vital role in the lives of the people of Thoothukudi

The size of population is concerned India ranks second in the world next only to China. The population of India at 121.02 crore in 2011 is almost equal to the combined population of USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan put together which is 121.43 crore. India's landscape is just 2.4 per cent of the total world area, whereas its population is nearly 17.5 per cent of the world population.

The size of population is concerned India ranks second in the world next only to China. The population of India at 121.02 crore in 2011 is almost equal to the combined population of USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan put together which is 121.43 crore. India's landscape is just 2.4 per cent of the total world area, whereas its population is nearly 17.5 per cent of the world population.

The Waste Land is an essay in creating a poem on grand scale out of the vision of a devitalized world, a world that has denied the spiritual life. The poem affords a terrifying picture of a phantasmagoria of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history seen through the eyes of an impersonal observer, Tiresias. Actually, The Waste Land is located nowhere and it is present everywhere in the minds of the individuals. It is the spiritual Waste land of you and I presented in a number of frustrated sexual images signifying death. It is a cosmic vision into the immense panorama of futility and anarchy that is modern civilization. The poem is full of broken images which is also the state of modern civilization. Here, Eliot describes an age without purpose being haunted by fear.

The present study was conducted to assess the physical health status of male construction workers. The core sample for the study comprised 120 male construction workers equally divided in two age group viz, 20-30 and 30-40 years. The selected construction workers were required to be performing construction activities for at least past 2 years. The tools used for the data collection were an interview schedule, C.M.I. health questionnaire and an observation checklist. Results reveal that majority of the sample males moderate to high level of problems related to various health dimensions. They encountered many problems related to eyes, respiration, cardio vascular system, skin, and nervous system in their everyday life. Redness, pain, irritation and watery eyes were fairly common along with breathing problems and chest congestion. Digestion related problems including diarrhea, acidity and constipation; along with skin rashes and lesions were also noted. Muscular pains and joint aches were also frequently noted. Nervous system problems reported included feeling of dizziness, fainting spells, headaches and cold sweats. There was also low to moderate incidence of fatigue and moderate to high incidence of illness among the sample males. Statistically there was significant difference in the physical health of the two age groups. Males of 30-40 years showed higher incidences of problems related to eyes, respiration, cardiovascular system, skin and nervous system. Also the incidence of both fatigue as well as illness was higher for the older age group than the younger group. Inadequate living conditions coupled with dangerous working environment makes the construction workers vulnerable for many health problems.

The purpose of this study is to analysis of linear and angular velocity at various joints for instep soccer kick by different level players. To conduct of this study ninety-nine players were randomly selected from nation, state and district competition. These players are treated as high, middle and low level players respectively. The subjects wear complete soccer kit. The players were free from of any type of injury in the lower extremities. The subjects performed three trails for instep kick from a preferred distance and with maximum effort on a stationary ball. The kicking motion were recorded using JVC HD video cameras in a field setting. The shutter speed of the camera was fixed at fast speed (1/4000 fast shutter speed allow fast-moving subject to capture one frame at a time vividly) in order to eliminate the blur while video recording. The identified trails were played with the help of Hero Video of Hero Super Player 3000 software to make separate clips of each player for separate kicking skills. The separate clips were then opened on to the Motion Analysis Tool (MAT) software. The software to identify the number of frames, angles, displacement, time and kinematics variables. SPSS Software used for to calculate Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc test to determine the means significant difference between different level players during soccer kicks. The result of this study is none of the joints angular velocity in instep kick contributes significantly to cause variation in ball velocity. In instep kick, all joints (ankle, knee and hip joints) and for all level players, in the linear velocity are an accountable factor to cause variations in ball velocity

Project Management can be described as a set of models and techniques for planning and controlling of complex undertakings. Project management methods have been developed from industry practices and international standards to ensure a higher rate of success for information technology projects. These methods have been widely used in large organizations effectively. However, when projects are implemented with different approach in an SME. The Present Research paper discusses about Project management process and implementation in an Organization. The Paper discusses about methodologies taken into consideration at various points of Project Development and use of PRINCE2 tool for project Development. This research will investigate the current state of formalized project management and how these methods could be modified for an SME environment, especially in relation to IT implementation projects.

The purpose of this study was to compare sports competitive anxiety among male and female state level baseball players of Gulbarga. In this study Sports Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT Martin et al., 1990) was used to measure sports competitive anxiety. Questionnaire was distributed among 40 (20 each) male and female players 30 minutes before the warm-up session. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and t- test were used to analysis the data. The results showed significant difference (p=0.05) in sports competitive anxiety between male and female state level baseball players.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) refers to a system of school-based evaluation of students that covers all aspects of student's development. CCE is the buzz word being in the air since the talks of the examination reforms being given utmost importance as far as the Indian education system is concerned ( Aggarwal, M. 2004). As rightly quoted by University Education Commission (1948-49) that, “If we are to suggest a single reform in the system of education then it would be that of examination”. The remark was followed by formation of number of committees and commissions with different recommendations for the evaluation system for the Indian education system. All intelligentsia converged to the CCE as an assessment tool for holistic evaluation of the students' learning.

Since the turn of the century there has been an unprecedented acceleration in industrialisation. Although the greatest influence of this advanced technology boom has been registered in cities of south and north India, many emerging urban and suburban area also have experienced the effect of increased mechanisation. Obesity has been thought to be caused by basic hormonal imbalance resulting from failure of one or more of the endocrine glands to property regulated body weight. To achieve this purpose 2 forty-five (N=45) obese men (BMI 30±1 Kg/m In - Body 200) from total population of (obese volunteers) 173 were selected at random as subjects. Their mean age height and weight were 43 ± 2.7 years, 168 ± 6cm and 81 ± 3.7 kg respectively. Further they were divided into three equal groups (n=15). Group I and II underwent low intensity (40 RPM) and high intensity (60 RPM) aerobic exercise (cycle ergometer) for 45 to 60 days/day/5days/week/16 week respectively and group III acted as control. The blood samples were collected and adiponectin (Microgram (µg/ml) was estimated by biosource EASIA reader and ELISAAIDTM software before and after the experiment period. The data were analysed by ANCOVA and scheffe‘s post hoc test P≤0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Both high and low intensity aerobic exercise increases the adiponectin level than the control. Between the exercises high intensity shows better effect on the increases of adiponectin level of middle aged obese men.

The present investigation was intended to find out the goal orientation of high school students of various schools in kanyakumari district. Random Sampling Technique was used to select a sample of 200 high school students from kanyakumari district .Mean,Standard Deviation and t value were calculated for the analysis of data. The result revealed that there is significant difference between male and female, rural and urban, Tamil and English medium high school students in their dimensions of mastery goal orientation. There is no significant difference between high school students studying in CBSE and state syllabus schools in their dimensions of mastery goal orientation. No significant difference was noted between male and female, rural and urban, Tamil and English medium, CBSE and state syllabus followed in schools of high school students in their dimensions of mastery goal orientation, performance approach goal orientation, and performance avoidance goal orientation.

Entrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as an important generator of economic development and innovation. As many firms respond to the growing competitive pressure by reducing their workforce or relocating their businesses, the EU member states need new, innovative and growth orientated enterprises that are able to withstand the competitive pressures and create new jobs. Moreover, it has been estimated that every third entrepreneur will retire within the next ten years and the number of successors is low. Therefore, young people with entrepreneurial skills which have the intention to take over or found businesses are needed. To reach this goal, strategic measures are needed that increase the entrepreneurial intention (i.e. the number of people considering self-employment as an occupational option) of young people.

Establishment of industrial, power, irrigation etc. projects leads to the development of any region. Such big projects require land which results in the displacement of people. Such displacement makes a change in the social, economic and even psychological aspects of the people. In view of this an attempt has been made in this paper to analyze, the socio-economic status of rehabilitated people affected by Doodhaganga Irrigation Project in the pre and post rehabilitation period. For this, a case study of Mudsingi resettlement has been taken and data is collected from 60 families. To measure.....

Industrialization means there are changes in the structure, technology and organization of economic activity. Countries environmental resources are affected by the level of economic development-modernization, industrialization, urbanization, chemicalisation, consumerisation and commercialization. The main concern of the world is pollution and resource management. In the pollution air, water, and solid waste problems are leading health impacts.

The 73 Amendment of the Indian constitution has provided a new dimension to the phenomenon of women’s empowerment in India. Apart from one-third reservation of women in the bodies of local-self govt., it has given some legal powers and responsibilities for a wide range of issues pertaining to the development of society. The present paper aims at assessing and analysing the effectiveness of SC women in Panchayati Raj in two districts of Haryana namely Bhiwani and Rohtak. 80 SCs women representatives elected for Zila, block and Gram Panchayat from sixty Gram Panchayats were selected for the depth study. There was at least one SC women representative in the selected Gram Panchayats.

Rural development is a human process. It requires hard work, dedication, responsiveness and accountability of all the participants under this process. The Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India, is the apex body spearheading the movement against the poverty. And the same ministry implements a number of programmes for poverty alleviation & rural development in India. The NREGA is the one among such programmes, which notified on 7th September, 2005. It aims at enhancing livelihood security of household in rural areas of the country. NREGA, on 2nd October, 2009, renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). It works under right based framework and time bound guarantee of employment. It is a tool for women empowerment and decentralized planning system. Public accountability and transparency is main feature of the Act. It works as an instrument of rural infrastructural development, enhancement of rural natural resources and helpful in Human capital development. Thus, it is a paradigm shift from previous wages employment programmes implemented in Indian history. Through this paper I am trying to put some light on the role of MGNREGA in rural economic development.

Sanitation is a grave concern issue over the worldwide. In recent times it was limited only to access a toilet in rural areas as well as urban areas especially slums. But due to children and women sufferance this programme took a wide range of problems related to sanitation. United Nations also recognised the importance of this programme. Children were dying due to improper sanitation. Infant mortality rates, diarrhoea, maternal mortality rates, underweight and incomplete physical development of children such health issues become major that's why Nirmal Bharat Abhiyaan was introduced to sum up all problems related to sanitation. Unfortunately this programme also not success as it required in the country. This paper is a critical appraisal of Nirmal Bharat Abhiyaan and a little practice to show the problem grievances in the country.

India has the distinction of having been recognised as the largest democratic set up of the world. In a democratic system of governance, the elections play a vital role and are considered as an integral part of politics which tend to legitimise the flow of power and authority. The free and fair elections are also necessary to ascertain collective conscience of the people and the popularity of the political parties/candidates. For ensuring this, the constitutional machinery has been established the institution of electorate. Since independence the electorate has conducted, the first four general elections (1952-67) in India as free and fair, after that it started declining in standard as many of the candidate/ parties tend to win them at all costs, irrespective of moral values. During the last few decades, it has resulted in multiplicity of political parties, political instability, unstable administration and unstable policies and minority governments. The common citizen has been the sufferer of all these situations. The present paper is an attempt to understand various electoral reforms in India and their impact and issues as well.

Even after 66 years of independence a large section of Indian population still remain unbanked, this situation has led generation of financial instability and pauperism among the lower income group who do not have access to financial products and services. So, promotion of financial inclusion has been an important social and financial need across the country. In India, the primary responsibility of ensuring financial inclusion lies with the commercial banks subject to guidelines of RBI. However , on account of huge size and diversity of population the commercial banks have been taking assistance of various social and financial entities like co-operative banks , regional rural banks , SHG’s , NBFC’s (Non Banking Financial Companies) and MFI’s ( Micro Financial Institutions ) for providing the basic financial services to further economic development. The main objective of the study is to examine the problems in adoption of financial inclusion, measures taken for it and to suggest the ways to promote it among the masses to its full advantage.

Densities and refractive indices have been experimentally determined for binary liquid mixture containing 1,4Dioxane and pentanol over the entire composition range at different temperatures. These experimentally determined values are compared with the values obtained by different theories. The experimental values of refractive indices are in good agreement values obtained by different theories.

This Study aims at knowing various factors which help in becoming a Green Entrepreneur for the sustainable development of the economy as well as for the safe environment with the help of producing the eco friendly products/services. The Research agenda is to make an attempt to classify and categorise the responses of the existing firm to the environmental and sustainability objectives and in identifying the barriers and triggers that make firms to 'go green'. However, the field of green management has lately begun to broaden the scope of Green Entrepreneurship.

Buddhism has long been celebrated as a religion of peace and non-violence. With its increasing vitality in regions around the world, many people today turn to Buddhism for relief and guidance at the time when peace seems to be a deferred dream more than ever, with the wars in the Middle East and Africa. The Buddhism and Buddhist approach is the right path, perfect practical and accomplished for the destination of 'Peace'. The present study is an attempt to the Buddhist perspective on the ways to prevent violence and realizing world peace.

This study is an attempt to discuss the neuro-linguistic programming and problem solving ability. The teaching of mathematics presents numerous problems for the teacher of mathematics. For effective learning of Mathematics subject, constant and continuous understanding is a must. The learner can attain the goal. Only after overlooking his distractions, deviations, disturbances, defects, and discriminating and determining the facts previously. Hence a necessity arises to know about the effective and innovative Neuro-Linguistic Programming approach in problem solving ability. NLP helps to bring out the easiness in thinking process. Students develop understanding and they can monitor their own learning. They will be free from fear about Maths and enjoy maths while doing word problems. NLP evokes thinking and reasoning about Mathematical ideas. Students find out the place where they are in comprehension and they will be ready to upright their position in Mathematics.

The service sector plays prominent role both in developed economies and developing economies. Most of the economies from 1950 onwards, depending up service sector the developed economies like US, UK and JAPAN, BRAZIL are depending on sevice sector. Even the developed economies like INDIA and CHINA and other economies are giving more importance to service sector. The employment opportunities in service sector is gradually increased. Even the business opportunities in service sector gradually increased. The service sector activities are comes under Transports, Warehousing, entertainment media, Financial services, Insurance, Banking, Telecommunication, etc.., This paper explains about how service sector impacting on to improve our economy. How service sector impacting on developed economies and developing economies etc..,

The service sector plays prominent role both in developed economies and developing economies. Most of the economies from 1950 onwards, depending up service sector the developed economies like US, UK and JAPAN, BRAZIL are depending on sevice sector. Even the developed economies like INDIA and CHINA and other economies are giving more importance to service sector. The employment opportunities in service sector is gradually increased. Even the business opportunities in service sector gradually increased. The service sector activities are comes under Transports, Warehousing, entertainment media, Financial services, Insurance, Banking, Telecommunication, etc.., This paper explains about how service sector impacting on to improve our economy. How service sector impacting on developed economies and developing economies etc..,

This article deals with the evaluation of Dimethoate on albino rats. Mortality was observed with 300, 315,330,345,360,375,390 mg/kg body weight. The observations indicated that the animals exposed to different concentrations of Dimethoate showed 100% mortality at 390 mg/kg body weight.

The aim of this study was only focusing on the issues and the challenges of Indian women entrepreneurs whois gaining importance in India in the wake of economic liberalization and globalization. The policy and institutional framework for developing entrepreneurial skills, providing vocation education and training has widened the horizon for economic empowerment of women. However, women constitute only one third of the economic enterprises. There exist a plethora of successful business women entrepreneurs both in social and economic fields in India. They are performing well. Government of India has also introduced National Skill Development Policy and National Skill Development Mission in 2009 in order to provide skill training, vocational education and entrepreneurship development to the emerging work force. However, entrepreneurship development and skill training is not the only responsibility of Government and therefore other stakeholders need to shoulder the responsibility. In Hindu scriptures, woman has been described as the embodiment of Shakti. But in real life she is treated as Abla. Women are leaving the workforce in droves in favour of being at home. Not to be a homemaker, but as job-making entrepreneurs. The increasing presence of women in the business field as entrepreneurs has changed the demographic characteristics of business and economic growth of the country. Women-owned businesses enterprises are playing a more active role in society and the economy, inspiring academics to focus on this interesting phenomenon. This paper focuses on the problems, issues, challenges faced by women entrepreneurs, how to overcome them and to analyse policies of Indian government for and problems faced by them while pursuing their business.

The purpose of the study was to assess the opinion of college principals regarding decline in sports participation at intercollegiate women competition. The study was conducted on 30 Degree Colleges principals affiliated to Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka. The Opinionnaire pertaining to identification of factors for decline in sports participation prepared by the researcher was used for the present study. The Chi-square statistical technique was adopted for the present study. It was concluded that there was significant relationship of principals’ opinion towards sports facilities for women and their sex, but interest, supervision during practice sessions, organizing competitions at college levels factors are not found significantly. Overall the opinion of principals that adequate sports facilities for women separately, interest, supervision during practice sessions and more importance from the side of management and principals are the main factors for decline in sports participation of women at intercollegiate levels.

Eco-geomorphology is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of river System that integrates hydrology, fluvial geomorphology and ecology. Ecogeomorphology is an important new branch of geomorphology which deals with the study of interactions between organisms and the development of landforms. Ecogeomorphology is commonly used to describe studies that focus more on the amplification of erosion and deposition processes. It is fundamentally concerned with bidirectional influences of biota and landscape on each other. In this context of above point of views, the present study aims at determining analyze ecogeomorphology as new branch of geomorphology. Due to the heterogeneity features of land, it's very much important to study the ecogeomorphology for landform and human beings.

Village Courts are very popular in rural Tamil Nadu through the ages. They are the backbone of the functioning of the village society. Even though different courts are functioned in the Villages, they administered the local justice and maintained law and order. Generally the village panchayats acted as the village courts. The elders and wise men presided over the village courts and delivered their verdicts in many cases and imposed fines on the convicts on the nature of the crimes. The village courts administered justice based on eye witnesses and evidences. Punishment varied from simple to harsh, depending upon the nature of errors and crimes.. The verdict seemed varied from one village to another one. However, now the role of the caste panchayats ruined the nature of the village set up, and it seemed almost a bane to the society. The British Administration ruined the function of the village courts. In the post-Independent period, B.R. Ambedkar was against the village panchayat because it nurtured caste system. According to him, the dominant caste members were alone allowed to sit as panchayat members and their judgment was against the interest of the downtrodden people Any how, still the village panchayats are functioning successfully in the rural Tamil Nadu and a great blessing too.

Migration literally means “change of ones residence” due to socio-geographic conditions or for better future. Migration primarily can be selective process in which people leave place of original settlement on their own due to some motivation and try to settle down at some other place. This is called free migration. Then there is forced migration in which the people are forced to leave their place of origin due to compelling circumstances it becomes difficult for them to tolerate changed political conditions created by a group of persons beyond the control of the authority or government governing the land and create environment of terrorism due to which they are forced to migrate to a safer place. (Peterson et. al., 1988) forced migration is a type of migration in which people are left with no decision of their own, rights which are due are denied. In this type of situation people try to cope with this stress and the people who are not able to cope exhibit a variety of deviations in their behavior. In Jammu and Kashmir (India), a particular community Kashmiri pandit was forced by terrorist outfits to quit their land. After migration these people faced a number of problems and try to cope with them but the people who were not able to cope exhibit a variety of deviations in their behavior. Forced migration lead to huge stresses and mental, emotional and physical health difficulties. Migration is not only a geographical transition, it is also a psycho-social transition and can result in a "cultural bereavement", grief not only for the country left behind, but also for the culture or subculture into which one is born

Dividends refer to that portion of a firm's net earnings which are paid out to the shareholders. Our focus here is on dividends paid to the ordinary shareholders because holders of preference shares are entitled to a stipulated state of dividend. Moreover, this is relevant to widely held public limited companies as the dividend issue does not pose a major problem for closely-held private limited companies. Since dividend are distributed out of profits, the alternative to the payment of dividends is the retention of earnings/profits. The retained earnings of financing the investment requirements of firms. There is, thus, a type of inverse relationship between retained earnings and cash dividends, i.e. larger retention-lesser. Thus, the alternative uses of the net earnings-dividends and retained earnings-are competitive and conflicting. A major decision of financial management is the dividend decision in the sense that the firm has to choose between distributing the profits to the shareholders & ploughing them back into the business. The choice would obviously hinge on the effect of the decision. On the maximization of shareholders' wealth. Given the objective of financial management of maximizing present values, the firm should be guided by the consideration as to which alternative use is consistent with the goal of wealth maximization. That is, the firm would be well advised to use the net profits for paying dividends to the shareholders if the payment will lead to the maximization of wealth of the owners. If not, the firm should rather return them to finance investment programmes. The relationship between dividends & value of the firm should, therefore, be the decision criterion. There are, however, conflicting opinions regarding the impact of dividends on the valuation of a firm. According to one school of thought, dividends are irrelevant so that the amount of dividends paid has no effect on the valuation of a firm. On the other hand, certain theories consider the dividends decision as relevant to the value of the firm measured in terms of the market price of the shares. The term dividend refers to that part of the profits of a company which is distributed amongst its shareholders. It may, therefore, be defined as the return that a shareholder gets from the company, out of its profits, on his shareholdings.

The aim of this study is to find out “The effect of Suryanamaskar and Swiss ball training on flexibility on sedentary girls”. Forty five healthy, untrained girls were selected from Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, for this research study. The subjects were divided randomly into three equal groups namely one control and two experimental groups consisting of fifteen girls in each group. The subject's age ranged between 18 to 23 years. Experimental groups were given 12 weeks Suryanamaskar and Swiss ball training and the control groups were not allowed to participate in any of the training programmes. The training programme was given three days in a week for 45 minutes. Pretest and post test was conducted for both the groups on flexibility before and immediately after the training. The data were computed statistically by using (ANOCOVA) to find out the significant changes. The result reveals that the Suryanamaskar practice group and Swiss ball training group has significant effect on flexibility of sedentary girls when compared to control group. When compared between the two experimental groups Suryanamaskar was found to be better than the Swiss ball training on flexibility

The translocation of nitrate in 10-day-old intact plant of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Steptoe (wild type) and Az12(mutant), starting from soaking was visualized using the positron-emitting tracer 13 (PETIS), N-labelled nitrate (half life of 9.96 min) was supplied to N-deficient and N-sufficient barley seedlings at 9-day-old seedling. Nitrate-deficient barley seedlings showed negligible accumulation of 13 short-lived tracer NO - in shoots than did N-sufficient barley and in Az12 (mutant) more than in Steptoe 3 (wild type) genotypes revealing that the N-sufficient seedlings caused enhancement of nitrate uptake and translocation to shoots. The mechanism of accumulation will be discussed.

Adoption of e-commerce by industrial manufacturers has been unexpectedly slow, due to challenges such as the need to custom configure products, offer complex promotions involving specific terms and conditions, and execute multiple bulk orders quickly. Best practices from B2B e-commerce sites can help industrial manufacturers reduce costs and increase sales online. This study attempts to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the role of the Internet in the global B2B marketing strategies of refractory industries from developing countries where the growth of the Internet has followed a similar pattern the United States and Australia. Thus, these two countries also suggest a similar evolutionary pattern for both B2B and B2C markets.

Barbara L. McCombs (2000) has summarized 14 Learner – Centered Psychological Principles from the American Psychological Association Work Group of the Board of Educational Affairs as a guideline for Institutional Reform.

Sugarcane is the main sugar producing crop that contributes nearly 95% to the global sugar pool. Sugarcane is the native of India. Besides India as a major producer of sugarcane and sugar in the world, it is grown mainly in Brazil, Cuba, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, Argentina, Colombia, Indonesia and South Africa.

Magneto-electric composites namely (1-x)NiFe O + (x)KNbO (x =0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 2 4 3 1.0) were prepared by solid state reaction method. The dielectric measurement were performed using LCR meter bridge the capacitance C of the sample was measured for the varying frequency range 20 Hz - 1MHz at room temperature. . The dielectric constant (å') decreases exponentially with frequency. The dielectric constant decreases with increase in frequency showing dispersion in the lower frequency range. Dielectric loss (å'') and dielectric loss tangent also (tan ä) decreases with increase in frequency and shows similar behaviour

Hypsometric analysis of Mahesh River Basin (area-elevation analysis) has generally been used to reveal the stages of geomorphic development (monadnock stage, mature and young). Hypsometric integral quantifies the geologic stages of development and erosion proneness of the Mahesh river basin. Hypsometric integral has estimated by the graphical plot of the measured contour elevation and encompassed area by using empirical formulae. In the present study, hypsometric integral values were estimated for Mahesh River Basin which is a tributary of Mun river located in Akola and Bhuldhana district of Maharashtra. The study area was delineated into seven sub-watersheds and hypsometric analysis was carried out for all of them using srtm data, digital elevation model and digital contour maps, which was generated using Arc/Info GIS. Three different approaches were used for estimation of hypsometric integrals and to compare the procedural approach and consequences on erosion status. It was evident from the study that the hypsometric integral calculated by elevation-relief ratio method was more accurate and easy to calculate within GIS environment. The hypsometric integral values for all the mini-watersheds of Mahesh river basin ranges between 0.5 and 033. In the study area, two stages of erosion cycle development, namely equilibrium and youthful stages are identifiedtectonic forces (Weissel et al., 1994). Hypsometric analysis was first time introduced by Langebein (1947) to express the overall slope and the forms of drainage basin. The hypsometric curve is related to the volume of the soil mass in the basin and the amount of erosion that had occurred in a basin against the remaining mass (Hurtrez et al., 1999). It is a continuous function of non-dimensional distribution of relative basin elevations with the relative area of the drainage basin (Strahler, 1952). This surface elevation has been extensively used for topographic comparisons because of its revelation of three-dimensional information through two-dimensional approach (Harrison et al., 1983; Ro-senblatt and Pinet, 1994). Comparisons of the shape of the hypsometric curve for different drainage basins under similar hydrologic conditions provides a relative insight into the past soil movement of basins. Thus, the shape of the hypsometric curves explains the temporal changes in the slope of the original basin. Strahler (1952) interpreted the shape of the hypsometric curves by analyzing numerous basins and classified the basins as young (convex upward curves), mature (S-shaped hypsometric curves which is concave upwards at high elevations and convex down-ward at low elevations) and peneplain or distorted (concave up-ward curves). There is frequent variation in the shape of the hypsometric curve during the early geomorphic stages of development followed by minimal variation after the watershed attains a stabilized or mature stage.

The aim of this study is to find out “The effect of Suryanamaskar and Swiss ball training on flexibility on sedentary girls”. Forty five healthy, untrained girls were selected from Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, for this research study. The subjects were divided randomly into three equal groups namely one control and two experimental groups consisting of fifteen girls in each group. The subject's age ranged between 18 to 23 years. Experimental groups were given 12 weeks Suryanamaskar and Swiss ball training and the control groups were not allowed to participate in any of the training programmes. The training programme was given three days in a week for 45 minutes. Pretest and post test was conducted for both the groups on flexibility before and immediately after the training. The data were computed statistically by using (ANOCOVA) to find out the significant changes. The result reveals that the Suryanamaskar practice group and Swiss ball training group has significant effect on flexibility of sedentary girls when compared to control group. When compared between the two experimental groups Suryanamaskar was found to be better than the Swiss ball training on flexibility

The aim of this study is to find out “The effect of Suryanamaskar and Swiss ball training on flexibility on sedentary girls”. Forty five healthy, untrained girls were selected from Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, for this research study. The subjects were divided randomly into three equal groups namely one control and two experimental groups consisting of fifteen girls in each group. The subject's age ranged between 18 to 23 years. Experimental groups were given 12 weeks Suryanamaskar and Swiss ball training and the control groups were not allowed to participate in any of the training programmes. The training programme was given three days in a week for 45 minutes. Pretest and post test was conducted for both the groups on flexibility before and immediately after the training. The data were computed statistically by using (ANOCOVA) to find out the significant changes. The result reveals that the Suryanamaskar practice group and Swiss ball training group has significant effect on flexibility of sedentary girls when compared to control group. When compared between the two experimental groups Suryanamaskar was found to be better than the Swiss ball training on flexibility

The paper makes an attempt to explain the trend in foreign trade ofIndia.It points out that barring setbacks in certain years,the foreign trade in India has been growing steadily.Income & exchange rate are both important determinants in foreign trade.The paper identifies products with high trade potential of India export-import various types of goods, so that these could be targeted in trade facilitation measures or when mutul recognition of eachcountry'scertification is accepted by the other country.

The urban co-operative credit movements started in India with the chief object of catering to the banking and credit requirements of the urban middle class, e.g., the small traders or businessmen, the artisans or factory workers, the salaried people with a limited fixed income in urban or semi-urban areas. Besides protecting the middle classes and men of modest means from the clutches of the moneylenders, the movement is also expected to inculcate the habit of thrifts and savings amongst them. The movement provides the prudent section of the community an opportunity of investing then savings and people tide over the period of stress and strain.

In our present era of modern education there has been a great erosion of values in the society. Education for nurturing values has been a matter of concern since independence number of education committees has been set up by the government of India as they have put forward much recommendation about need for the formation of programmes on education in human values in schools.

The urban co-operative credit movements started in India with the chief object of catering to the banking and credit requirements of the urban middle class, e.g., the small traders or businessmen, the artisans or factory workers, the salaried people with a limited fixed income in urban or semi-urban areas. Besides protecting the middle classes and men of modest means from the clutches of the moneylenders, the movement is also expected to inculcate the habit of thrifts and savings amongst them. The movement provides the prudent section of the community an opportunity of investing then savings and people tide over the period of stress and strain.

Himalayas are experiencing Climate Change at an unprecedented rate. The impact on Uttarakhand will be even greater because the Himalayas are warming at least twice as fast as the globe. Yet, dam construction has taken place without factoring in these grave environmental hazards. Operation Surya Hope is the name that Indian Army's Central Command gave to its response in Uttarakhand following the June 2013 North India floods. The floods and landslides in Uttarakhund, the worst natural disaster in the area in a hundred years, have been called a Himalayan Tsunami by the Government of India. This paper is based on secondary data collected with the help of internet from various media and Wikipedia sites. This paper focused on natural calamity in Uttarakhand in the year 2013.

This paper examines impact of trade openness on economic development of India. The research problem is expressed as “To what extent does trade openness o the economy influence on economic development of India?” The primary objective of the study is to investigate the causal relationships between the trade openness and economic development of India. The study is mainly based on secondary data. In identifying the impacts of trade openness on growth and trade balance, data were collected on a specific time interval before and after the trade openness. The time period selected is from 1970 to 2012. To identify the impacts of trade openness, total time period is divided into two sub periods of before trade openness i.e. (1970 to 1991) and after trade openness i.e. (1991 to 2012). Granger causality test was used for determine the casual relationship between trade openness and economic development. This paper found no relationship between trade openness and economic development.

“Violence against women is perhaps the most shameful human rights violation. And it is perhaps the most pervasive. It knows no boundaries of geography, culture or wealth. As long as it continues, we cannot claim to be making real progress towards equality, development and peace” Kofi Annan, Secretary General of the United Nations, March 8, 1999. Violence against the female sex....

Across the world there is an increasingly strong interest on the role of entrepreneurs in the economy. They are key driving force of modern economy. Women entrepreneurs are one of the fastest growing populations of entrepreneurs in the world. Businesses owned by women continue to diversify into all sectors of the economy. In Albania, a woman in business is a phenomenon that began after 1990 with the major changes that have taken place in Albania during its transition from a centrally planned to market-oriented economy. Since 1991, the number of businesses create and run by women continue to grow. Today, women run businesses in different sectors of the economy. Yet, women-owned businesses still have a long way to go to achieve parity with men-owned businesses. This paper aims to assess the intensity of women as entrepreneurs in Albania. The paper includes problems and challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in the Albanian socio-economic context and their prospects for future development.

South Asia is world's most populated subcontinent. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal and Maldives include in this sub continent. Regional, Religious, linguistic and ethnic diversity we can see together, which can not be seen any part of the world.

Cashew kernels and Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) export from India data were analyzed by time series methods for the period of 1990-1991 to 2009-2010. Auto Correlation Function (ACF) and Partial Auto Correlation Function (PACF) were calculated for the data. Appropriate Box-Jenkins Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was fitted. Validity of the model was tested using standard statistical techniques.ARIMA (1, 1, 0) is used to forecast Cashew kernels and Cashew Nut Shell Liquid export from India for five leading years. The results also show Cashew kernels export forecast for the year 2015 to be about 125374million tonnes with upper and lower limit 158798 and 91949 million tonnes respectively. The model also shows Cashew Nut Shell Liquid export forecast for the year 2015 to be about 10799 million tonnes with upper and lower limit 20152 and 1445.8 million tonnes respectively.

Effective teacher succeed in creating suitable learning situations. He helps students to organise information in new ways &analyse the problems effectively. He is capable of analysing various learning styles followed by his students & give proper directions to modify their style of learning. He promotes self learning among his students. He evaluates himself & monitors his instructions to make sure worth of content taught by him. He accepts the responsibility for guiding student learning & behaviour.

Trilling writes about the relationship In his essay 'The Sense of the Past', between German romanticism and the rise of Nazism: Logic is intended to serve the humanity: the belief that ideas generate events, that they have an autonomous existence, and that they can seize upon the minds of some men and control their actions independently of circumstance and will.'

Trilling writes about the relationship In his essay 'The Sense of the Past', between German romanticism and the rise of Nazism: Logic is intended to serve the humanity: the belief that ideas generate events, that they have an autonomous existence, and that they can seize upon the minds of some men and control their actions independently of circumstance and will.'

Bedar tribe is most backward and living away from civilized areas such as forests and hilly areas. Still people of this tribe were actively ruled many parts of Karnataka including Chitradurga, Bellary, Gulbarga, Koppal, etc from Vijayanagar Empire to British period. Even many of the bedar people were actively took participation in freedom struggle against the British. The paper described on Bedar rulers of Karnataka.

A teacher will be a role model for the pupil. The job-satisfaction becomes very vital in the field of education institution. Thus the researcher felt the need to investigate the job-satisfaction of teacher working in Educational institution.

Ideologies were made necessary by the Age of Enlightenment belief that people could improve their conditions by taking action instead of passively accepting life as it come. On other hand we look at the world through a veil of theories, pre-supposition and assumptions. In this sense, observation and interpretation are in extricably bound together: When we look at the world we are also engaged in exposing meaning upon it. This has important implications for the study of politics.

The aim of this study is to find out “The effect of Suryanamaskar and Swiss ball training on flexibility on sedentary girls”. Forty five healthy, untrained girls were selected from Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, for this research study. The subjects were divided randomly into three equal groups namely one control and two experimental groups consisting of fifteen girls in each group. The subject's age ranged between 18 to 23 years. Experimental groups were given 12 weeks Suryanamaskar and Swiss ball training and the control groups were not allowed to participate in any of the training programmes. The training programme was given three days in a week for 45 minutes. Pretest and post test was conducted for both the groups on flexibility before and immediately after the training. The data were computed statistically by using (ANOCOVA) to find out the significant changes. The result reveals that the Suryanamaskar practice group and Swiss ball training group has significant effect on flexibility of sedentary girls when compared to control group. When compared between the two experimental groups Suryanamaskar was found to be better than the Swiss ball training on flexibility