Lakes are facing challenges due to climatic and anthropogenic activities with slow changes causing unnoticed damages over a long time. The long term historic data provides concrete evidence of change. The earth observation satellites which include both geostationary and polar orbiting satellite provide different types of environmental data. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the temporal trajectory change of the lake surface area of LakeTana from 1985 – 2015 using geospatial technologies. The study uses seven Landsat TM and ETM+ images to detect the lake surface area change. The change was examined using modified normalized difference of Water index (MNDWI) method. This was attained by making use of ERDAS Imagine 2014 and ArcGIS10.1 software. The results of this study indicate that within the past three decades, the lake area has shown a significant decrease–about 362.74 sq.km. The area calculated from bathymetric surveys and the ccorresponding results from other alternative methods were gathered and computed with the findings of this study. The results portray that there is strong relationship between the estimates of lake surface area results of MNDWI with NDVI alongside the bathymetry results. Hence, lake surface area quantification and characterization using remote sensing and GIS techniques enables resource managers to project realistic change scenarios helpful for lake surface area management.

This study was conducted to assess the most widely used assessment methods and practices across departments and the challenges that hinder high school teachers’ classroom assessment. To this end, it employed descriptive survey design. Data were collected from 197 teachers’ by using questionnaire adapted from Zhang and Burry-Stock (2003) assessment practice inventory, and some open-ended items developed to measure challenges. The data was analyzed using quantitative data analysis methods. Moreover, the findings regarding challenges in classroom assessment practices from the qualitative open-ended questions were analyzed and presented by content analysis using words and sentences. The result indicated that teachers mostly use traditional assessment methods than alternative assessment. It also revealed that there were statistically significant differences across departments in constructing test items, F (2,172) = 190.849, p < .05, communicating assessment results, F (2, 172) = 208.963, p < .05, and grading, F (2, 172) = 63.935, p < .05. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were found across departments in analyzing test results and test revisions and using performance assessment practices. Furthermore, teachers’ attitude and belief, shortage of time, lack of resources, assessment training gap and large class size were major identified challenges. Eventually, the researchers would like to suggest that teachers should focus on using the alternative forms of assessment than traditional assessment methods.

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he role of media in democracy has been understood in terms of providing the general public with information on what the voters have for the public, how politicians behave, and how citizens increase their political participation. Scholars’ media participation has been insignificant in the democratization process of Ethiopia despite its divergent interpretations in previous studies. Scholars’ media participation in Ethiopia highly waning and waxing from time to time. Therefore, the objective of this exploratory research is to examine the intricate relationships between scholars and media in Ethiopia. The research is mainly qualitative: Sixteen key informants were interviewed from both media people and public- scholars. And three FGDs were held with journalists and public-scholars. The findings have shown that the scholar-media relationship has been weakening because of the following major factors: media credibility went down, there are abusive uses of scholars’ opinions and expressions by the media, there is intolerance of criticisms by the government, and thus polarized political ideologies have been practiced by many scholars and the media.

The Simien Mountains National Park (SMNP) was inscribed by UNESCO as world heritage site in 1978 due to its unique landscapes and rich biodiversity resources. However, many parts of the park have been farmed for more than 2,000 years and is seriously degraded due to unsustainable land utilization. The main purpose of this study is to quantify the magnitude and rate of change of major land use/land cover (LULC) types by identifying the major drivers of change in SMNP using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Three Landsat images of the periods between 1985 and 2015 were classified and analyzed using Erdas Emagine 13 and ArcGIS 10.1. The results of LULC analysis indicated that a remarkable expansion was observed in shrubs cover by 110.8% (79 ha/y) followed by farmland and settlements by 53.7% (81 ha/y) between 1985 and 2015 although some portions of their original extent were converted into other LULC classes. The results also indicated that the reduction of areas under forests and grassland covers by about 56.4% (98 ha/y) and 49% (142 ha/y) were evident. The major institutional and policy factors identified in the study area were civil war between 1976 and 1991, changes in political structure and land reform of 1997. However, population pressure in the park was the most important human factor of land use and land cover change. Therefore, sustainable management in the park is vital to curb the biodiversity depletion and loss of tourist attractions in the area.

The prevalence of women’s health institutional delivery in developing countries, particularly in Ethiopia is very low. The empirical data show that migration and socio-demographic factors are responsible for low institutional deliveries in developing countries. Therefore, the overall objective of the study was to establish whether there were differences in women’s access to delivery facilities across the different migration status and socio-demographic factors. To achieve this objective, a cross-sectional analysis of data from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) was conducted. The 2016 EDHS interviewed a total of 15, 683 women, aged 15 to 49 years both in rural and urban areas. Out of the 15,683 interviewed women, only 7590 women who had live birth(s) in the last five years preceding the survey were taken as a study participant. The bivariate and multivariate analysis results show that urban to urban migrants and urban to rural migrants were more likely to deliver at a health facility than those from other migration status. In relation to socio-demographic factors, women who live in rural areas, women with no education, non-working women, older women, women with high birth order and women in the poorest wealth index were less likely to deliver at a health institution. Therefore, maternal health remains a public health concern due to lack of sufficient access to delivery facilities. Attention should be given on migration and socio-demographic factors that are responsible to inhibit women’s institutional delivery. The government should target the most vulnerable groups such as rural women, non-working women, women in the poorest wealth category and women with high birth order to further reduce maternal mortality in the country.

Education has become one of the most powerful weapons to reduce inequality and poverty (UNESCO, 2000). The main purpose of this study was to investigate attitude of junior, secondary and preparatory school students towards basic science subjects in North Gondar. The study used a quantitative research approach with cross-sectional survey design. To this end, 150 junior/secondary and preparatory school students who were selected from North Gondar zone to attend kiremt (rainy season) STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) training at University of Gondar participated in the study. Data were collected through self-report questionnaire and analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics. The results indicated that those students scored high on attitude towards basic science subjects (chemistry, biology and physics) and had excellent Grade Point Average. Besides, there was no significant difference in attitude towards basic sciences between male and female students. Most importantly, attitude towards science significantly influenced Grade Point Average on chemistry and biology subjects. Here, career interest was found to be the most important predictor of achievement in biology. But, the adoption of positive attitude toward science was the most important factor to explain achievement in chemistry. Career interest and adoption of scientific attitudes are vital dimensions influencing students’ achievement in chemistry and biology respectively. Overall, this study concludes that attitude towards science has a collosal influence on students’ achievement in chemistry, biology and physics. Therefore, institutions such as the Ministry of Education, teachers, and parents should plan and work in tandem to maximize students’ positive attitude towards chemistry, biology and physics education.

The establishment of Gondar in the 17th century marked a very promising chapter in the history of the Ethiopian urbanization. This research aimed at exploring the meaning of urban space, the change of meaning through time and effects of displacement on the social bonds. In doing so, qualitative method (document analysis, interview, observation, photo voices) were used for thematic analysis. Various social institutions such as religion, market, monarchy, and long-distance trade promoted the Gondarian urban development. All the three Abrahamic religions, namely, Christian, Islam, and Judaism were developed in urban Gondar. Although these religions meant to divide the communities, the Gondarian Markets served to unite and glue the believers of these religions together. However, the residential places were segregated on the basis of religions, leading to sprawling. The sprawling was ensued by unplanned urban expansion, triggering developmental imbalances across the city. The corrective remedy of redevelopment injected by the municipality also caused slums of despair. Despite these shortcomings, urbanization marshalled with holistic goals of making Gondar one of the icons of the Ethiopian centers of religion and culture tinorder to promote and maintain national unity.

The major objective of this study was to investigate the effect of awareness-raising about reading subskills on the reading comprehension enhancement of students. This research is quantitative in nature employing a quasi-experimental design. Two group of students, experimental and contol with 32 and and 31 respectively students involved. A reading comprehension pretest and posttest were used to gather data. An independent t-test was used in order to determine the significance of the mean score difference between the experimental and control groups. After awareness raising activities about these micro-skills, a significant difference was found out between the learners in the experimental and control groups as (-6.821, df=61, p=.000 which is p<0.5) in favor of the experimental group. At the same time, the finding in the paired t-test showed that (t=-7.74, df= 31, p= .000) which is(p<0.05) implying a comparison of the means of scores obtained by the experimental group subjects in the pre-and post-test showing a significant difference.