Providing women with quality and affordable family planning services is one of the major challenges in developing countries including Ethiopia. Various studies showed that migration and other socio-demographic factors are responsible for the low prevalence of contraceptive use in Ethiopia. The overall objective of the study was to examine the migration types, and socio-demographic factors associated with women’s use of contraceptive methods. A cross-sectional analysis of secondary data from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) was conducted in order to achieve this objective. The 2016 EDHS interviewed a total of 15, 683 women, aged 15 to 49 years, both in rural and urban areas. Out of the 15,683 interviewed, only 10223 married women were study participants. Binary logistic model was used to analyze the multivariate analysis of the study. The multivariate results show that rural to urban migrant women were 1.32 times more likely to use contraceptive methods than those from urban natives. In relation to socio-demographic factors, women who live in rural areas, women with no education, women with no work, younger women, women with low birth-order and women in the poorest wealth index were less likely to use contraceptive methods. Therefore, attention should be paid to women with no education, women with no work, younger women, rural women and women in the poorest households to access and use of contraceptive methods.

???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?2009 ?.? ?11? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? 1201 ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?11? K ?? ?11? B ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?-??? (Independent Samples t-test)???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? (p = 0.0428) ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? (p = 0.0206) ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????

The current climate change scenario and various studies in the past related to climate change have shown that flood impact has increased vulnerability of people in the flood plains. The aim of this study was to examine the spatial distribution of flood hazard severity in Dembiya Woreda in Amhara Region using GIS and remote sensing techniques. The study employed the multi criteria evaluation (MCE) based flood hazard severity to examine the extent and magnitude of flood hazard severity in the study area. The flood hazard mapping was undertaken using GIS and remote sensing technique to show spatial distribution of flood hazard severity hotspots in the study woreda. The flood hazard map obtained from the overlay analysis of flood causative factors in the study area soundly agrees to each other. The flood hazard severity map indicated that about 40777ha (32.8%) and 81350ha (65.4%) of land were subjected to high and moderate flood hazard severity, respectively. These could have a tremendous impact on crop production in areas that are frequently being hit by flood hazards. Therefore, multi-criteria based flood hazard assessment is vital to show spatial distributions of different severity levels of flood hazard so that the required mitigation and adaptation strategies can be implemented.

Care givers play a vital role in supporting their own relatives who are mentally ill, infirm who have dis-abilities. There is concern that the families of those with mental disorders are affected by the condition of their loved ones. The main purpose of this study was to assess the psychological distress, subjective burden and stigma among caregivers of people with mental illness in University of Gondar Hospital. Three hundred and eighty-five caregivers (M=134 and F=251) were selected using simple random sam-pling technique. Data were collected through Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20), Experienced Stigma Scale (the Family Version) and Caregivers’ Burden Inventory (CBI). Data was checked, coded, entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive and inferential data analysis techniques like per-centage, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Linear and multiple regression were employed. Data analyses showed that a bit higher203 (52.7%) of primary care givers of mentally ill patients were psychologically distressed. Besides, 247(64.2%) caregivers of mentally ill patients experienced high subjective burden. The majority of them also faced stigma as a result of being caregiver of mentally ill patients. Stigma and subjective burden significantly predict psychological distress, indicating that as stigma and subjective burden increase, psychological distress also increases. Male and female care-givers significantly differ in psychological distress. Most importantly, caregivers of mentally ill patients manifested symptoms of psychological distress, subjective burden and stigma. Therefore, due attention should be given for caregivers of people with mental illness.

Mind mapping, a popular international technique for visualizing the relationships among different concepts, assists students in recognizing these connections using a meaningful radial display. Mind-mapping plays an important role in simplifying the learning of English language in general and writing skills in particular. However, the quality of writing entirely depends on the methodology chosen by the teachers’ attitudes and uses of mind-mapping techniques. Though different scholars believe mind-mapping has a power to strengthen the teaching learning process, still there is no enough practice in the context of our schools. This study investigated the effect of mind-mapping on students’ descriptive writing skills. It mainly followed quasi-experimental design with quantitative and qualitative methods. The population of the study consisted of grade 11 students at Woreta Preparatory School comprising 100 students and two English teachers using systematic random and purposive sampling respectively. The study resulted that there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control one in the post-achievement test appearing in favor of the experimental group as the effect of mind mapping on students’ descriptive paragraph writing abilities at (P=.000, which is < 0.05). Besides, the positive attitudes of English teachers reflected as mind-mapping allows students to effectively process the descriptive paragraph writing. Mind mapping is one of the techniques that immensely contribute to education by association that is brainstorming, summarizing, note-taking, consolidating information, thinking through complex problems, presenting information and retaining and recalling information. Thus, the finding of this study suggested that teachers should implement the mind mapping techniques at all academic levels.

Human trafficking involves nearly every part of the world. It affects all regions and most countries of the world. Though the Government of Ethiopia is attempting to eliminate trafficking, it does not suffi- ciently address internal trafficking, including child sex trafficking. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences and unification of internally trafficked children in Metema Woreda. To achieve this, a case study design was employed by taking five internally trafficked and reunified children and one key informant from a non-governmental organization working on trafficking. Qualitative data were collected through interview and narrative analysis was made accordingly. The results indicated that internally trafficked children were physically and emotionally abused. They received advice and some medical treatment in a temporary rehabilitation center before unifying them with their families. However, the support was not adequate enough to enable victims of internal trafficking to recover from their traumatic experiences. Therefore, child welfare and law enforcing institutions should give due emphasis to internal child trafficking and offer psychosocial support before unifying them with their families.

Human trafficking involves nearly every part of the world. It affects all regions and most countries of the world. Though the Government of Ethiopia is attempting to eliminate trafficking, it does not suffi- ciently address internal trafficking, including child sex trafficking. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences and unification of internally trafficked children in Metema Woreda. To achieve this, a case study design was employed by taking five internally trafficked and reunified children and one key informant from a non-governmental organization working on trafficking. Qualitative data were collected through interview and narrative analysis was made accordingly. The results indicated that internally trafficked children were physically and emotionally abused. They received advice and some medical treatment in a temporary rehabilitation center before unifying them with their families. However, the support was not adequate enough to enable victims of internal trafficking to recover from their traumatic experiences. Therefore, child welfare and law enforcing institutions should give due emphasis to internal child trafficking and offer psychosocial support before unifying them with their families.

The conventional wisdoms are universally revered portray peasants as hoarders of innocence, tellers of truth and makers of peace. The sense of respect, humility and sociability of the East African peasants come from their classical humanity that was cemented in a distant past – the past that often been interpreted as sacred by the elders. Many elders treat the past as the fountain of the present and the projector of the good future. Most elders solve prevailing problems by congregating under trees of peace, without seeking any advice from modern courts. The decisions of the elders are enforced by trust-based moralized actions rather than by police forces. All social activities -life, work and decision-making processes are social and collective and thus do not subject peasants to the maxim of individualism. As a result, the East African peasant communities utterly reject the leviathanism of globalization -the power that bestows freedom on the powerful actors to exercise might without imposing any moral or legal limitations on their actions. Most East African peasants opposed to globalization led dominant idea that considers peasants as unsophisticated and stoic rustics whose disappearance is imminent. Hence, the East African peasants are neither on the verge of collapse nor eager to collaborate with Hobbesian styled modern leviathan that quietly envisions obliterating their livelihoods.

Ethiopian University English Entrance Examination is a language testing that measures learners’ performance of the language skills to select those who could qualify to the next level of education, i.e., university. The contents appeared in the examination can affect the teaching and learning practice either positively or negatively. This study, therefore, is to assess the washback effect of Ethiopian University National English Language Entrance Examination toward genres of writing skill using descriptive survey design. Four teachers and ten students were selected from grade 12 using availability and simple random sampling technique respectively. The data that are collected through document analysis, interview and classroom observation were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings of the study revealed the examinations influenced the teaching learning of writing to be aligned with the exam. The teachers taught genres of writing skills according to the contents of the exam instead of teaching them in line with the objectives established in the syllabus. Learning the genres of writing skills based on past entrance exam sheets motivated the students to attend the writing classes effectively. They were motivated to attend the writing classes when the teachers lectured based on the types of questions which appear in the national examination. This entails that students’ and teachers’ practice and motivation towards genres of writing skill were negatively affected by the type of questions that appeared in the tests.

Persistent unemployment and worsening poverty have become serious concerns in Ethiopia, particular-ly in urban areas. In response to this state of worsening poverty and unemployment, the country has been implementing microenterprise development program as a strategy to generate massive employ-ment opportunities. The purpose of this article is to examine practical challenges and problems faced in implementing the program in Amhara National Regional State with particular reference to Bahir Dar city. To this effect, in-depth interview and focus group discussion along with document analysis were used to generate qualitative data pertaining to the day to day operations of the program. Participants in the interview and group discussions were selected using purposive sampling method considering their experience and knowledge about the program, and the data were analysed qualitatively. The findings reveal that microenterprises encountered a range of administrative and resource constraints includ-ing lack of credit, working premise and access to market. Most importantly, lack of experience and knowledge in running joint businesses and excessive dependence on government support were found formidable challenges emanating from the side of target beneficiaries. This paper shows that microen-terprises provide temporary livelihood opportunities to the unemployed youth with likelihood of gener-ating sustainable employment although limited in scope. Finally, the study recommends that a more sustainable approach to employment creation and poverty reduction would be directing resources to the promotion of large-scale industrial enterprises that could create sustainable employment opportunities.

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