Chondrocytes were described as one cell populations in most cartilage literature. Two different chondrocyte populations; dark and light, were described in the articular cartilage and a third population, adipochondrocytes, was described in the elastic cartilage. The current literature of cartilage histology should be updated and highlight that three different populations of chondrocytes are existed in cartilage

A four-years-old pluriparours (parity; n=2) pregnant Kanze/Dershawy ewe, of a body weight about 40 kg at Halayeb city, Red Sea province, Egypt was presented with a history of restlessness, straining, and appearance of a permanent/complete cervico-vaginal prolapse as a smooth, red, and rounded mass at the rear end of the ewe. There was no history of previous cervico-vaginal prolapse during or after previous pregnancies. Complete procedures of the appropriate successful treatment were described in this study. Briefly, treatment was performed under caudal epidural analgesia; the prolapsed mass was immediately covered with a towel soaked in water, examined for presence of injuries/rupture, raised to evacuate the urinary bladder, replaced by manual fist pressure and by the flat of hands, and finally retention suture was used to prevent the possible reoccurrence. The suture material had been removed before lambing, and the owner was advised to cull the ewe or at least excluded from further breeding.

A four-years-old pluriparours (parity; n=2) pregnant Kanze/Dershawy ewe, of a body weight about 40 kg at Halayeb city, Red Sea province, Egypt was presented with a history of restlessness, straining, and appearance of a permanent/complete cervico-vaginal prolapse as a smooth, red, and rounded mass at the rear end of the ewe. There was no history of previous cervico-vaginal prolapse during or after previous pregnancies. Complete procedures of the appropriate successful treatment were described in this study. Briefly, treatment was performed under caudal epidural analgesia; the prolapsed mass was immediately covered with a towel soaked in water, examined for presence of injuries/rupture, raised to evacuate the urinary bladder, replaced by manual fist pressure and by the flat of hands, and finally retention suture was used to prevent the possible reoccurrence. The suture material had been removed before lambing, and the owner was advised to cull the ewe or at least excluded from further breeding.

Chondrocytes were described as one cell populations in most cartilage literature. Two different chondrocyte populations; dark and light, were described in the articular cartilage and a third population, adipochondrocytes, was described in the elastic cartilage. The current literature of cartilage histology should be updated and highlight that three different populations of chondrocytes are existed in cartilage

A 9-years-old female Egyptian donkey presented with ear drooping, multiple subcutaneous firm nodules (3-7 mm) on the medial surfaces of both ears and intact skin. Furthermore, the ear pinnae were diffusely thickened with subcutaneous induration. The cartilaginous plates of the ear pinnae were intact. The nodular lesions consisted of chronic perichondritis and cauliflower-like outgrowths of hyaline chondrous tissue. Mononuclear inflammatory cells diffusely infiltrated in the subcutaneous tissue and involved the dermal papillae, the dermis and the margin of the cartilaginous outgrowths. Multifocal cauliflower-like chondrous outgrowths emerged from the inner surface of both ears and consisted of irregular lobules of hyaline cartilage with quite regular deeply basophilic chondrocytes and fibrous lobules. T-lymphocytes and macrophages diffusely infiltrated the dermis, and both T-cells and B-cells were densely infiltrated around newly-formed blood vessels in the subcutaneous tissue. On the basis of the gross, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, chronic auricular perichondritis and multifocal chondromata were diagnosed for the first time in an Egyptian donkey.

The objective of the present work was to provide information on the histology and morphometry of the upper beak of developmental ages of Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata) by using forty-ninehealthy post-hatch Muscovy ducks of both sexes ranging from 1-60 days-old. The upper beak was a wide spoon-shaped in all examined birds. Its length measured 19.32 mm at one day old and increased to reach 65.52 mm at 60 days old. The upper beak rostrally formed a smooth circumscribed plate like a finger nail, therefore called the nail of the upper beak, the nail of the upper beak projected rostroventrally beyond the nail of the lower beak.Scanning by electron microscopy revealed that the free tip of the upper beak contained two transversely curved rows of smalldome shaped dermal papillae at one-day-oldstage. Later, 12-14 transversely curved rows of small papillae were observed behind the dermal papillae at 15 days old, which increased to 18-20 in numbers at 60 days old.In all examined age groups, the lateral edges of the upper beak have lamellae; the ventral parts of the rostrally situated lamellae directed caudally, but the caudally situated lamellae directed vertically. The dermis of the upper beak was formed of dense connective tissue containing numerous lamellated sensory corpuscles on both sides of the lateral edges of the upper beak

A total number of 16 Escherichia coli serovars were recovered from different colibacillosis diseased chicken organs. Characterization of the isolates was performed by biochemical and serological tests, biofilm formation, antimicrobial susceptibility assays, detection of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes by PCR. The biofilm formation (at OD595) of all E. coli isolates showed a similar trend. eaeA gene was detected in 3 serovars O2:H6, O26:H11 and O44:H18 while, hly gene was detected in 2 serovars O2:H6 and O144:H21. The gene encoding for stx2 was detected in 2 serovars (O55:H7 and O146:H21) while the gene encoding stx1 was not detected in any serovars. Furthermore, all serovars were carrying the encoding blaTEM. blaSHV and blaCTX were detected in 75% and 18.75% of isolates respectively, while blaOXA-1 was not detected in all serovars. Although all isolates were multi-resistant against most of B-lactams antibiotics, they were susceptible to 20 to 80 mg ml-1 of garlic extract. Finally, we demonstrated that a five-oral administration of garlic extract to baby chicks colonized with E. coli reduces the mortalities and significantly increase the body weight. The efficacy of garlic extract as the antibacterial natural product was sufficient as a bactericidal alternative against the multidrug- resistant E. coli isolates.

The current study was carried out on 24 apparently healthy post-hatching Muscovy ducks of both sexes ranging from 1-60 days old. They were divided into 5 age groups to investigate the development of the junctions of the stomach; esophago-proventricular junction, proventriculo-gizzard junction (Isthmus gastris) and ventriculo-duodenal junction by using light and scanning electron microscopy. The longitudinal folds of the esophago-proventricular junction were separated by longitudinal grooves and they were crossed by thin transverse ridges; some of the longitudinal folds were branched toward the proventriculus at 60 days old. At one day old, the lymphoid infiltrations were observed in the lamina propria at the esophago-proventricular junction. With the advancement of the age, abundant diffused lymphoid infiltrations and esophageal tonsil were observed. In all age groups, the cuticle covering of the mucosa at proventriculus-gizzard junction increased in thickness toward the gizzard. Moreover, in one day old duckling, the proventricular glands were observed underneath the gizzard tubular glands, these glands were become well developed at 60 days old. The lamina propria of the gizzard-duodenal junction showed slight lymphatic infiltrations at one day old age. Lymphatic infiltrations and more lymphatic aggregations were abundant at 7-15 days. While between 30-60 days age, lymph nodules were distinct. Numerous endocrine cells were also observed in mucosa of the gizzard-duodenal junction.

A total number of eight Baladi goats (Capra hircus)of both sexes aged between 11-18 months-old were used to describe the histological structure of the ruminal wallin addition to investigate the immunohistochemical localization and distribution of ki-67, caspase 3 and vimentin. The results revealed no sex differences in the ruminal wall histology or immunohistochemistry.Histologically, the ruminal wall consisted of mucosa-submucosa, muscularis and serosa. The mucosaof the rumen was thrown into ruminal papillae that were coveredby keratinized epithelium. The submucosa was consisted of loose connective tissue lacking glands. Circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers were the components ofmuscularis however, the rumen was surrounded externally by typical serosa. The immunohistochemical study was done using theavidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method. Ki-67 immunostaining was limited to nuclei of basal cells layer in the ruminal epitheliumwhich explained the importanceof ki-67 in epithelial cells proliferation as well askeratin biosynthesis. Caspase 3 immunostaining was localized in cytoplasm and nuclei of some epithelial cells that were going to apoptosis.The vimentinimmunostaining was widely spread in epithelial cells as well as,fibroblasts in propria and submucosa, and endothelia of blood vessels.This showed theimportance of vimentin asan intermediate filament protein. Detection of vimentin in the glial cells of enteric plexuses indicatedits supportive role in the nervous control of the rumen. Overall, the histological and immunohistochemical findings of this study explainedthe structure-function relationship of the rumen of Baladi goats

Cholestatic liver diseases can be induced for many reasons including obstructions, e.g. by stones or tumors. An early consequence of obstructive cholestasis is the formation of bile infarcts, which refer to clusters of dead hepatocytes due to bile salt accumulation. Although these infarcts were described long time ago (in 1876 by Charcot and Gombault), the leading mechanism is still unclear. Some hypotheses suggested direct killing by accumulation of bile salts up to toxic levels. Others claim indirect cell death via immune cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokine release. However, the sequence of events leading to the formation bile infarcts are still unclear. In the recent issue of Hepatology, Ghallab and his colleagues have recorded in a time-resolved manner the key events leading to bile infarct formation and the subsequent systemic changes, using two-photon based intravital imaging. This mini-review highlights the results of this study and discuss the time-resolved events in acute and chronic cholestasis, as well as the link between biliary bile salts and hepatocyte death.