The article is devoted to the significance and consequences of the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861. This paper discusses various aspects of peasant reform, both based on research by Russian and Soviet historians, as well as foreign ones. The main question is how, in the context of the preservation of the remnants of serfdom in Russia after the abolition of serfdom, the pace of economic development began to increase, conditions were created for the establishment of a capitalist structure in the economy. These questions are answered in this article.

This article, which has the most general theoretical character and corresponds to the field of research in economic theory, presents various approaches to the classification of economic processes and structures; a conclusion is drawn on the importance of the consideration of economic systems, as well as their elements. The economic system is primarily economic processes that are carried out on the basis of the economic mechanism in the world, country, state or society. The topic of the study of economic processes and economic structures is still little studied. Therefore, we have the most general knowledge and impressions about it. Meanwhile, this issue is extremely important both for economic theory and for economic practice, because it has obvious applied aspects. Here, the author makes an attempt to generalize and systematize some of the views and approaches to the study of economic processes and structures as elements of the economic system that are available in Russian national economic science.

“Ghost culture” is a global cultural phenomenon, and Tibetans have a long history about the “ghost culture”, which occupies an important part in Chinese traditional culture. From the perspective of “the other”, a Chinese scholar, can be called a reference that is both different and related to the subject, it is found that the Tibetan ghost culture also has its own indigenous characteristics reflected in definition, origin, and demonstration, etc, and much different from the English ghost culture. This different understanding and interpretation of ghost culture is the root of Tibetan culture, which in turn makes the Tibetan people pay more attention to adaptation rather than struggle in the relationship with nature. And it is much necessary to develop “ghost culture” into “human culture” gradually for better cultural exchanges and for the construction of ethics and morality in various countries.

The article analyzes the physical activity of youth in Russia. It is shown that sport has a universal ability to solve problems of increasing the level of public health, increasing the life expectancy of the population, and is also an effective way to prevent asocial manifestations. However, according to official statistics, the number of systematically engaged in sports and recreational activities in Russia is significantly lower than similar indicators in developed Western countries. The most important tasks in this direction are the restoration of the best traditions of the physical culture and sports movement of past years and the search for new effective mechanisms for the development of mass sports with the participation of representatives of various socio-demographic groups of society.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Armenian-Russian relations in the modern world. The subject of the research in the article is the processes and prospects of the formation and development of the Armenian-Russian relations between the two states. The chronological framework of the article covers the period from 1992 to 2019. In the development of the Armenian-Russian relations, this period was marked by the fact that Russia and Armenia became independent sovereign states, where there were processes of constant rethinking of the role of countries in the system of international relations. The main task posed in the article is to analyze the state and prospects of the history of development of the Armenian-Russian relations.

The article is devoted to the music society from the moment it arose in 1859 until its liquidation in 1918. The article discusses the leaders of society. Society since the organization was under the tutelage of representatives of the Romanov dynasty. In 1868, the Russian Musical Society was renamed the Imperial. Throughout its existence, it was headed by the highest and noble figures of the Russian state, in particular, Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, the wife of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, who financed the institutes of society, Prince Konstantin Nikolaevich, who founded the Charter of the company. Princess Alexandra, who actively participated in the musical support of society, Princess Yelena Georgievna, who supported society in the tragic military revolutionary era. Having characterized the chairmen of the society, the article shows their role in the formation and development of the Imperial Russian Musical Society. Active public figures and talented musicians were involved in the work of society. Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna patronized the great musician A. G. Rubinstein and Princess Elena Georgievna Saxe-Altenburg. All leaders determined the vector of development of society and contributed to the development of musical culture.

The article discusses the situation of the Russian Orthodox Church in the United States. Particular attention is paid to the processes taking place in the last third of the 19th century within the Church itself, in particular to the issues of expanding the ethnic composition of the clergy, the gradual spread of Orthodoxy throughout North America and the increase in the number of Orthodox communities. It is shown that it is precisely these factors that determined the obvious need for revising missionary tasks, working methods, and the forms of organizing charitable and social activities. In addition, the dependence of the dioceses on the Holy Synod of Russia became increasingly unnatural, not meeting the needs of the development of Orthodoxy in North America. The appearance in 1870 of the first Orthodox jurisdiction in the United States objectively indicated an alternative to transforming the Aleutian diocese of the Russian Church into an independent American Orthodox Church.

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The military-industrial complex serves not only as the basis for ensuring national security, but also in military-technical cooperation with other countries. The beginning of the XXI century for Russia was an important period of rethinking the reforms of the 1990s. Putin’s victory in the Russian presidential election in 2000 marked the beginning of a new phase of political and military reform. Currently, there are processes associated with the supply of weapons, military equipment to other countries in the conditions of instability of the modern world system, which also cannot be denied. The main question is how, in the context of internal reforms and external, not always successful interaction, to return to the previous level of influence on the world stage.

Erhu (Chinese two-stringed violin) is one the most representative ethnic stringed instruments in China, and plays an important role in Chinese folk music. In the practice of Erhu performance, intonation has been troubling many Erhu players. Starting from the existing problems of Erhu intonation, this paper expounds the influence on the intonation from the four aspects of temperament, hand type, change handle and finger distance, and puts forward the corresponding correction methods: on the basis of slow training, standardize the left hand type and strengthen the training of traditional pentatonic scale, so as to improve the performance level of Erhu players.

A person plays and will play a large and very significant role in the economy in the future, therefore the role of a person in the economy (by analogy with the role of a person in history), although indisputable, requires new research. Our research fully responds to this direction: “economy and people”; hence, this article relies not only on the work of economists, but also on the work of professional expert psychologists, whose works border on this area. The author has identified the main forms of human relations, using the psychoanalytic theory of such a famous American psychologist and psychiatrist, as E. L. Bern. In addition, we have identified various forms of economic relations that rely on formal and informal economic institutions. All of them are organized for clarity in the work in the form of several analytical tables. We hold the opinion that human relations and economic relations are closely interrelated, literally intertwined with each other. And the most important thing that was not paid attention to before: one of the main ways to increase the efficiency of economic relations in any (practically in any) sphere is to increase the efficiency and tune the most simple human relations. It is very important for any labor collective, organization, enterprise, production.

In this article disclosed opinions about the representative of the Islamic mazhab (way of belief) Hanafiyya, the movement ahlu-s-sunna wa-l-jamoa (family of followers of preaching of the Prophet Muhammad) - Abu Jafar Ustrushhaniy, who lived in the Middle Ages on the territory of Movarounnahr, about the period in which he lived, his scientific heritage, about his teachers and students, as well as his contribution to the development of the science of fiqh (jurisprudence).

The article analyzes the causes and historical stages of the political crisis in Syria, which lasted 8 years. Although displacement in many Western countries is seen as a step towards democracy in the region, the “Arab Spring” has caused instability in North Africa and the Middle East. These issues included religious and ethnic conflicts. This, in turn, posed a threat to political instability in the region.

The article is devoted to a brief review of the main features of the current policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan on religious and spiritual issues. It sheds light on the processes of the liberalization of religious and spiritual life after the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the revival of Islamic values and the restoration of the appropriate place of Islam in social life, an emergence of radical forces that put forward the notion of building an Islamic state. It also examines the newest trends of in organizing of the religious and spiritual life and their reflection in the foreign policy of the state.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the wave of socio-political transformations that began in December 2010 in Tunisia and Algeria, called the “Arab Spring”, was a phenomenon caused by a difficult internal situation, as well as internal and external factors that triggered these events. The article examines the degree of influence of political Islam on the processes of modernization, geopolitics, as well as socio-political development, including the need to create a scientific basis for regulating religious relations in Arab African countries, which have become a source of instability. In this context, political processes in North Africa and the Middle East are studied. The processes of social and political transformations have influenced the political systems of Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and other Gulf countries.