Effective treatment of healing in burnt patients is a crucial component of burn care, with significant ramifications for patient outcomes. This bibliographic review article examines the epidemiology, significance, definition, risk factors, complications, and treatment of wound healing in patients with burn injuries. The conversation explores different tactics and progressions in the area, finally highlighting the significance of a holistic approach to healing in patients with burns.

Background: The health care workers have been handling with patients who may have symptomatic or asymptomatic coronavirus disease (COVID-19) since 2019. SARS-CoV-2 virus has been producing several variants. (Comirnaty) COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (nucleoside modified) tozinameran was available in Myanmar in January 2024. This study aimed to assess changes in SARSCoV-2 antibody level in health care workers (HCW) following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine and to determine the factors influencing antibody response.

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of death worldwide, and their prevalence is increasing in Saudi Arabia due to unhealthy lifestyles and longer life expectancy. This research aims to investigate the primary causes of mortality in Saudi Arabia and develop healthcare management strategies to improve mortality outcomes, reduce preventable deaths, and enhance the delivery of healthcare services.

Ganglion cysts are the most common soft-tissue mass in the hand and wrist, making up 50% to 70% of all masses. They are most common in individuals in their twenties and forties, with women being affected three times more than males. The primary symptoms reported by people with wrist ganglion cysts are pain, weakness, and a visually unappealing look. Approximately 10% of patients report a prior traumatic experience being linked to the emergence of a ganglion cyst.

Background: Hiatal hernias, particularly those complicated by gastric volvulus, represent a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. Prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention are crucial to prevent severe complications such as strangulation and ischemia of the stomach. This case report details the presentation, diagnosis, and successful surgical management of a Type IV hiatal hernia with an associated gastric volvulus using hiatal plasty and Nissen fundoplication.

Background: Meckel s diverticulum is the most prevalent congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting from the incomplete obliteration of the omphalomesenteric duct during fetal development. Although often asymptomatic, it can present with a variety of complications, including bleeding, obstruction, and inflammation, necessitating timely and accurate diagnosis and intervention.

Crohns disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with polymorphous cutaneous manifestations. Vulvar localization is rare and may be either isolated, revealing the disease, or associated with digestive manifestations. Treatment is difficult and not well codified. Based on 4 case reports of vulvo-perineal involvement, we present a reminder of the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of this particular site. In 2 out of 4 patients, vulvar involvement was incipient, with no gastrointestinal symptoms at the time of diagnosis. The vulva may present with many dermatological manifestations: knife-like ulcerations, oedema, labial hypertrophy, lymphangiectasia, abscesses and fistulae. The presence of non-caseating granulomas on histology may help to confirm the diagnosis. Vulvar CD affects quality of life and requires long-term medical and surgical management with a multidisciplinary approach involving gastroenterologists, dermatologists, gynecologists and pathologists.

Flexor tendon repair is a challenging task in hand surgery, with numerous studies and publications on the subject. The incidence of flexor tendon injuries in India is estimated to be around 14/100,000-person years. The fingers are characterized by five zones: Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. Reparation of these zones involves flap extension, suturing, and band repair. However, tendon repair is fraught with complications, with the most catastrophic outcome being rupture. Tendon adhesions are a common consequence of the healing process and can be limited with atraumatic surgical techniques, robust repair, and early mobilization strategies. Ultrasound imaging is helpful in determining the continuity of the flexor tendon. Tenolysis surgery may be necessary if treatment is unsuccessful, but is generally recommended after three to six months.

Fat grafting is a method used to speed up the healing of wounds in challenging conditions, both in animals and humans. It triggers a biochemical process that promotes the repair of soft tissues and has a positive effect on blood vessel formation. The process involves two main processes: vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Grafting fat in small portions, no larger than 3mm in diameter, enhances the growth of new blood vessels. The inflammatory role in neovascularization is essential for the development of healthy granulation tissue. In fat grafting, tissue trauma triggers an inflammatory response, which activates the growth of new blood vessels. Platelets, macrophages, and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) help stabilize pericytes on newly formed blood vessels. This review aims to provide a deeper understanding of fat grafting at the cellular and molecular level.

The latissimus dorsi flap (LDF) is a surgical procedure employed by surgeons to reconstruct several types of breast cancer surgical defects, including modified radical mastectomy, quadrantectomy, and lumpectomy. The LDF can be used as a standalone autogenous flap, in combination with immediate implant-based reconstruction, in combination with tissue expanders for a phased reconstruction, or in either scenario, either immediately or at a later time. The LDF (Latissimus Dorsi Flap) is a reliable choice for soft tissue coverage during breast reconstruction, providing both form and function while minimizing potential complications in the short and long term. In cases of limited tissue availability, the LDF can assist by supplying additional tissue volume for autologous reconstruction. Additionally, it can function as a reliable vascular pedicle for implant-based healing in cases when the tissue has been exposed to radiation.

Breast reconstruction following mastectomy is a critical aspect of the multidisciplinary management of breast cancer, significantly impacting patients psychological and physical well-being. This review explores the various surgical techniques available for breast reconstruction, including autologous tissue reconstruction and implant-based methods. The article delves into the indications, contraindications, advantages, and potential complications associated with each approach. Furthermore, we examine the role of oncoplastic surgery in enhancing aesthetic outcomes while ensuring oncological safety. Advances in microsurgical techniques, the development of acellular dermal matrices, and the use of 3D imaging and printing technology are highlighted. The review also addresses patient selection criteria, preoperative planning, and postoperative care to optimize outcomes. By providing a comprehensive overview of contemporary practices and emerging innovations, this article aims to guide clinicians in the optimal management of breast reconstruction and to inform patients about their reconstructive options.

Parry-Romberg Syndrome (PRS), also known as progressive hemifacial atrophy, is a rare, poorly understood disorder characterized by the progressive atrophy of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and sometimes bone on one side of the face. The etiopathogenesis of PRS remains elusive, and its clinical presentation can vary widely, complicating diagnosis and treatment. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current surgical management strategies for PRS, focusing on reconstructive techniques, postoperative outcomes, and patient quality of life. Through an extensive literature review and analysis of case studies, we highlight the efficacy of various surgical interventions, such as autologous fat grafting, dermal fat grafts, and microsurgical free tissue transfer, in restoring facial symmetry and function. We also discuss the challenges and considerations in timing and planning surgical interventions, as well as the role of multidisciplinary approaches in optimizing patient care.

Cardiac tamponade is a slow or rapid compression of the heart that leads to high mortality rates depending on the etiology. Clinical signs include elevated jugular venous pressure, hypotension, tachycardia and paradoxical pulse. Therefore, a clinical case of cardiac tamponade secondary to metastasis is presented. A 57-year-old woman began her condition with progressive dyspnea with daily activities, non-productive cough, hypotension and tachycardia, global cardiomegaly on chest X-ray and massive pericardial effusion on echocardiogram, and cardiac tamponade. Pericardiocentesis was performed and a left lung lesion was evident on chest CT. Due to recurrence of tamponade, a pathological study was performed that showed metastasis of adenocarcinoma of pulmonary origin. The formation of neoplastic fluid occurred when chemotherapy was applied. Addressing critical aspects of pericardial disease, including diagnosis and differential diagnosis, could improve life expectancy predictions for patients with oncological pathologies.

Burn injuries represent a primary public health concern with significant global and personal repercussions. These injuries can create complex and potentially life-threatening situations that require advanced care. This review delves into the epidemiology, significance, and state-of-the-art treatments for burn injuries. It covers definitions, risk factors, complications, and various management strategies. The discussion highlights recent advancements in burn care, such as early wound excision, fluid resuscitation, infection control, and rehabilitation support. Emphasis is placed on the evolving research landscape in burn treatment, which aims to improve patient outcomes. The article underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing burn patients and the ongoing need for research to enhance the quality of life for burn survivors.

ntroduction: Buschke-Löwenstein tumor (BLT), known as giant condyloma acuminatum, is a sexually transmitted disease associated with human papillomavirus (HPV), mainly genotypes 6 and 11. The frequency of occurrence is rare and it is mainly located in the external genitalia and perineal region. Among the risk factors associated with this tumor are immunosuppression, alcoholism, smoking, the presence of genital infections, among others. Histologically, the distinctive feature of BLT is the lack of involvement of the basement membrane; however, it is said that this tumor presents mixed characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma and condyloma acuminatum.

The aortic-pulmonary window is a rare congenital heart defect characterized by a direct communication between the aorta and pulmonary artery, bypassing the normal route through the heart. This defect can lead to significant hemodynamic changes, including increased pulmonary blood flow and volume overload. Symptoms often manifest in infancy or early childhood and can range from mild to severe, depending on the size of the defect and associated cardiac anomalies.

INTRODUCTION: The hepatic vein decongestion is a crucial aspect in the management of various liver and cardiac conditions, where excessive blond accumulation in the liver can lead to serious complications such as portal hypertension and liver failure. The hepatic vein, responsible for blood draining from the liver to the general circulation, can be affected by a pathologies variety that alter its functionality and consequently, the venous return. CASE REPORT Scenario: A 32-year-old female patient (56 kg, 1.55 m) with a chronic kidney disease history in pre-dialysis without renal function replacement treatment underwent an anticipated related living donor kidney transplant. The procedure is performed under balanced general anesthesia according to the standards of the Hospital Juarez de México with type III monitoring with transesophageal echocardiography with Mindray TE7 Ultrasound, Edwards Hemosphere and GE Vital Signs Monitor.

Botulinum toxin, the primary cause of botulism, is used in therapeutic environments for several objectives. Botulinum toxin injections effectively treat cosmetic concerns caused or exacerbated by muscular contractions by regulating local neurotransmission. The effects of therapy are temporary; noticeable muscular recovery often occurs many months after treatment, as shown in clinical settings. Improper placement of injections or the spread of toxins to undesired areas may lead to significant muscle weakness, perhaps causing temporary deformity or functional issues. Therapeutic techniques may be used to fix visual problems including eyelid ptosis and a puzzling brow. Under different conditions, advancement relies on the gradual decrease in the effectiveness of the botulinum toxin.

Cutaneous metastasis as an initial presentation of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is an exceedingly rare clinical scenario, often leading to significant diagnostic challenges. This case study elucidates the clinical presentation, diagnostic process, histopathological findings, and therapeutic strategies employed in a patient presenting with cutaneous metastasis as the first sign of IDC. By emphasizing the dermatological manifestations of IDC and their implications for early detection and management, this article aims to contribute to the existing literature on atypical presentations of breast cancer. Our findings underscore the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the evaluation of unusual cutaneous lesions, particularly in patients with no prior oncological history, to ensure timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rare but life-threatening complication, presenting with acute abdominal pain and hemodynamic instability. This case report describes the clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies employed in a patient with spontaneous rupture of HCC. The patient, with underlying cirrhosis, presented with signs of hemorrhagic shock. Immediate resuscitation, imaging, and subsequent embolization were performed to stabilize the patient, followed by definitive treatment. The rarity of this complication, combined with the precarious nature of the underlying liver disease, creates significant therapeutic challenges. This case underscores the need for rapid diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach to optimize patient outcomes.

Introduction: Meckels diverticulum is a true diverticulum that affects 2% of the population, being the most frequent congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract and occurs due to a defect in the closure of the omphalomesenteric duct. It is most frequently diagnosed in children under 10 years of age, in whom it may manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction or perforation; however, in adults it is usually asymptomatic and found incidentally during other abdominal surgery.

The groin flap is a surgical method used to cover soft tissue defects in the hand and forearm, such as wounds, traumatic amputations, degloving injuries, burns, burn scar release, and tumor excision. It is effective in covering extensive and intricate defects, such as wounds, traumatic amputations, degloving injuries, burns, burn scar release, and tumor excision. The procedure involves a remote autoplasty supported by the vascular territory of the superficial iliac circumflex artery. The flaps boundaries are defined using the "2 fingers width" criterion, and the flap is raised from lateral to medial, transferring subcutaneous tissue while keeping it above the fascia. The flap is closed using drain suction, and the patient is allowed to walk on the 5th day after surgery. Effective preoperative planning is essential for preventing the creation of too big or too tiny flaps and ensuring the fabrication of appropriate tubing to avoid complications. The McGregor groin flap is a commonly used technique for hand deformity reconstruction due to its extended pedicle and quick execution. It is adaptable, repeatable, and can be performed by less-experienced surgeons without microsurgery expertise. The flap covers significant tissue loss with pliable tissue, making it suitable for joints. It can cover abnormalities on the back or palm, and can be used for early wrist and hand rehabilitation. However, it has drawbacks, such as shoulder stiffness in older patients, discomfort during the upper limb positioning, and the need for multiple phases. Despite these, the groin flap remains relevant in the age of microsurgery and can be improved with technical modifications.

Buschke-Ollendorff Syndrome (BOS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the concurrent manifestation of osteopoikilosis and dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata. The syndrome is caused by mutations in the LEMD3 gene, leading to the dysregulation of TGF-ß signaling pathways, which play a critical role in both bone and skin homeostasis. Clinically, BOS presents with asymptomatic, radiographically detectable osteopoikilosis—small, round, sclerotic bone lesions—and multiple yellow-brown papules distributed over the trunk and extremities, indicative of dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata. This review aims to provide a detailed exploration of the genetic and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying BOS, with an emphasis on the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies. Additionally, this article discusses the implications of BOS for differential diagnosis in orthopedic and dermatologic practice, highlighting the importance of recognizing the syndromic association to avoid misdiagnosis. The potential for targeted therapies that address the underlying molecular defects in BOS will also be examined.

Smartphone addiction is one of the crucial problems that is happening among teenagers. This habit may lead to various problems such as lower sleep quality. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction and sleep quality. This study applied quantitative analysis to investigate the correlation between gender, smartphone addiction, and sleep quality among 270 students in levels 10-12 from 8 Adventist High Schools in Jakarta. The study used simple random sampling technique. The study used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). Both descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical program. The hypotheses of the study were tested using Pearson correlation. The study found a correlation between high school studentssleep quality and smartphone addiction, as well as a higher rate of smartphone addiction among female students than male students. The study found that students rates of smartphone addiction decreased with improved sleep quality. Addressing smartphone addiction and inadequate sleep is essential for raising high school studentss academic achievement.

GLP-1 receptor agonists help in regulating blood sugar levels and encouraging weight reduction in individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who adhere to dietary guidelines and exercise regularly. Semaglutide is a commonly utilized type of GLP-1 receptor agonist. The injection is usually administered once every seven days subcutaneously, beginning at 0.25 mg, with the highest weekly dosage is between 2.0 and 2.4 mg (larger doses are employed to promote weight loss instead of regulating blood sugar). Semaglutide’s half-life is approximately one week, indicating it remains active in the body for a long duration. So, it requires roughly five weeks to reach its stable level in the body, and it also takes the same amount of time for its effects to cease after discontinuation. There is now an oral formulation, and its effects might resemble those of the injection (1,2)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a long-lasting autoimmune condition that affects the connective tissues and has a varied and diverse range of symptoms. The severity of the disease varies greatly, with the majority experiencing less severe versions. However, it may be life-threatening depending on the extent of organ involvement. The ailment was identified as early as the Middle Ages, with the 12th-century physician Rogerius being the first to use the name lupus to describe the characteristic malar rash. In 1872, Moric Kaposi was the first to acknowledge the systemic aspect of the disease. During the perioperative period, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may provide significant difficulties for the anesthesiologist due to the presence of accumulated organ damage, coagulation abnormalities, and intricate care protocols. This article focuses on the signs and therapies of adult systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that are relevant to anesthesiologists. It also discusses the perioperative care of these patients, who present unique challenges due to the complexity of their condition.

Fingertip amputations are a significant issue in the United States, with approximately 45,000 performed annually, with a 7.5 per 100,000 incidence rate. The primary cause of finger injuries is metal objects and bladed hand instruments, which can lead to cuts, loss of limbs, or damage to nerves and blood vessels. Therapy aims to restore sensation, long-lastingness, and bone support for nail development. Inadequate management can result in cosmetic issues, cold sensitivity, skin soreness, and persistent impairment in functionality. Nail bed injuries, such as lacerations, avulsions, and crush injuries, can result in post-traumatic fingertip amputation. Physical examinations are necessary to evaluate the functional and sensory capabilities of the damaged finger. Surgical intervention is necessary for severe cases, with primary closure or revision amputation being the preferred procedure. Full-thickness skin grafting is also used for fingertip amputations, preserving the structure of the recipient s fingers and addressing areas with insufficient skin.

Introduction: Fluid overload syndrome is a potentially serious complication that can arise during holmium laser prostate enucleation (HoLEP) surgery. This minimally invasive surgical technique is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and is known for efficacy and safety. Fluid overload occurs when the patient receives excessive volume of intravenous fluids during the surgical procedure. This can occur due to a variety of factors, such as inadequate fluid administration by the medical team, excessive fluid absorption during irrigation, or systemic absorption of solutions used during surgery.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare and idiopathic disease characterized by left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction, that occurs late in pregnancy or during the postpartum period. Diagnosis is typically achieved through transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Management includes standard heart failure therapies such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and diuretics, with the addition of bromocriptine to target the prolactin pathway involved in PPCM pathophysiology. This report presents a case of a 31-year-old female with a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia who, following an uncomplicated pregnancy, presented with acute heart failure symptoms. Initial evaluations suggested pulmonary embolism, but further diagnostic workup, including echocardiography and cardiac MRI, confirmed PPCM. The patient was treated with diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta blockers. Significant improvement was observed, with complete resolution and normal cardiac function at the 6-month follow-up.

The coronary artery fistula is a rare form of left to right shunt that can lead to significant hemodynamic consequences if left untreated. The patient, a 10-year-old female, presented with symptoms of increasing dyspnea and palpitations over the past year. Diagnostic imaging, including transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac computed axial tomography, confirmed the presence of a fistulous connection between the right coronary artery and the right atrium. Given the patient’s symptomatic presentation and the risk of complications, a decision was made to proceed with percutaneous closure. Using a catheter-based approach, the fistula was successfully occluded with a Amplatzer Vascular Plug II (AVP II), resulting in the resolution of symptoms and normalization of hemodynamic parameters. This case highlights the efficacy and safety of percutaneous intervention in managing coronary artery fistulas, particularly in pediatric patients, and underscores the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent long-term sequelae.

GIST tumors are a group of rare neoplasms, having a reported incidence of 6/10 million people annually. 70-80% of the GIST are benign, however there are prognostic factors which can help us to predict its behavior. The stomach and the small intestine are the most frequent sites of location of these tumors. Diagnosis is not only based on clinical suspicion, we must also use imaging tools and pathology to confirm it. Surgery is the treatment that offers a permanent cure for localized primary GIST.