Manufacturing firms face increasing pressure to enhance their competitiveness, penetrate new markets, and prioritise customer satisfaction in an increasingly dynamic global business environment. To remain competitive, these firms must adopt innovative strategies that address the evolving demands of customers.

The integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) into modern power grids presents both challenges and opportunities. This study investigates the influence of slack bus compensation on the stability of voltage levels within these grids, particularly as EV penetration increases. A comprehensive simulation framework is developed to model various grid configurations, accounting for different scenarios of EV load integration. Historical charging data is meticulously analysed to predict future load patterns, indicating that heightened levels of EV integration lead to a notable decrease in voltage stability. Specifically, voltage levels were observed to decline from 230 V to 210 V under conditions of 100% EV penetration, necessitating an increase in slack bus compensation from 0 MW to 140 MW to sustain system balance. Advanced machine learning techniques are employed to forecast real-time load demands, significantly reducing both Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), thereby optimising slack bus performance. The results underscore the critical role of real-time load forecasting and automated control strategies in addressing the challenges posed by EV integration into power grids. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that intelligent systems, coupled with machine learning, can enhance power flow management and bolster grid stability, ultimately improving operational efficiency in the distribution of energy. Future research will focus on refining machine learning models through the utilisation of more granular data sets and exploring decentralized control methodologies, such as federated learning, thereby providing valuable insights for grid operators as the adoption of EVs continues to expand.

Evaluating renewable energy policies is crucial for fostering sustainable development, particularly within the European Union (EU), where energy management must account for economic, environmental, and social criteria. A stable framework is proposed that integrates multiple perspectives by synthesizing the rankings derived from four widely recognized Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods—Measurement of Alternatives and Ranking according to Compromise Solution (MARCOS), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Stable Preference Ordering Towards Ideal Solution (SPOTIS), and Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis (MOORA).

The evaluation of supply chain (SC) efficiency in the presence of uncertainty presents significant challenges due to the multi-criteria nature of SC performance and the inherent ambiguities in both input and output data. This study proposes an innovative framework that combines Rough Set Theory (RST) with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to address these challenges. By employing rough variables, the framework captures uncertainty in the measurement of inputs and outputs, defining efficiency intervals that reflect the imprecision of real-world data. In this approach, rough sets are used to model the vagueness and granularity of the data, while DEA is applied to assess the relative efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs) within the SC. The effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated through case studies that highlight its capacity to handle ambiguous and incomplete data. The results reveal the model’s superiority in providing actionable insights for identifying inefficiencies and areas for improvement within the SC, thus offering a more robust and flexible evaluation framework compared to traditional methods. Moreover, this integrated approach allows decision-makers to assess the efficiency of SC more effectively, taking into account the uncertainty and complexity inherent in the data. These findings contribute significantly to the field of supply chain management (SCM) by offering an enhanced tool for performance assessment that is both comprehensive and adaptable to varying operational contexts.

This paper addresses the issues of incomplete safety management systems and the challenge of optimizing multiple safety objectives concurrently in wind power project construction. An approach for solving Multi-objective Optimization Problem (MOP) based on the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) is proposed. First, key safety risk factors in the construction process of wind power projects are systematically analyzed and identified. A multi-dimensional evaluation index system, including personnel safety, equipment safety, environmental safety, and management safety, is established. Next, a mathematical model is developed with safety, cost, and construction period as the optimization objectives. The NSGA-II and NSGA-III algorithms are applied to solve the model. Case study results show that: (1) the proposed MOP model effectively balances the multiple objectives in wind power project construction; (2) compared with traditional methods, the NSGA demonstrates significant advantages in solution efficiency and diversity; (3) the obtained Pareto optimal solution set provides multiple feasible options for engineering decision-making. The research results provide theoretical foundations and practical guidance for safety management in wind power project construction.